{"id":87,"date":"2023-07-11T15:41:18","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T19:41:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/?page_id=87"},"modified":"2023-07-24T14:14:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T18:14:52","slug":"soviet-nuclear-activities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/","title":{"rendered":"Soviet Nuclear Activities"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pt-cv-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-grid pt-cv-colsys\" id=\"pt-cv-view-acbdadarxv\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"2\"><div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/the-end-of-nuclear-tests\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/4dae9fb662c5533321214345a1a0dbf5_XL.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/4dae9fb662c5533321214345a1a0dbf5_XL.jpg 900w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/4dae9fb662c5533321214345a1a0dbf5_XL-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/4dae9fb662c5533321214345a1a0dbf5_XL-768x470.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/the-end-of-nuclear-tests\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >The End of Nuclear Tests?<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">The nuclear arms race was perhaps the most alarming feature of the Cold War competition between the United States and Soviet Union. Over the decades, the two sides signed various arms control agreements as a means to manage their rivalry and limit the risk of nuclear war, avoiding mutually assured ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/the-end-of-nuclear-tests\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/nevada-semipalatinsk\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2338\" height=\"1418\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907.jpg 2338w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-1024x621.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-768x466.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-200x120.jpg 200w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-1536x932.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/08\/0176-0162-e1693335826907-2048x1242.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2338px) 100vw, 2338px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/nevada-semipalatinsk\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Nevada-Semipalatinsk<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In 1989, the Kazakh populace, led by Olzhas Suleimenov, head of the Kazakhstan Writers\u2019 Union and one of the country\u2019s most prominent poets, undertook a formidable challenge against the Soviet Union. Their principal demand was the immediate cessation of the Soviet Union's nuclear testing operations at the Semipalatinsk test site ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/08\/01\/nevada-semipalatinsk\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/28\/beneath-the-earths-surface-unraveling-the-legacy-of-underground-nuclear-tests-and-peaceful-nuclear-explosions-1961-1989\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1838\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing.png\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing.png 3000w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing-1024x627.png 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing-768x471.png 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing-1536x941.png 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/semiplatansk-testing-site-kazakhstan-international-day-against-nuclear-testing-2048x1255.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/28\/beneath-the-earths-surface-unraveling-the-legacy-of-underground-nuclear-tests-and-peaceful-nuclear-explosions-1961-1989\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >1961-1989: Underground Nuclear Tests and \u201cPeaceful\u201d Nuclear Explosions<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In 1961, with the launch of the first Soviet underground nuclear test, the trajectory of nuclear testing took a significant turn. The transition to underground testing came about following the implementation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which restricted atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Over 300 (and up ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/28\/beneath-the-earths-surface-unraveling-the-legacy-of-underground-nuclear-tests-and-peaceful-nuclear-explosions-1961-1989\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/26\/special-episode-the-unseen-victims-of-nuclear-testing\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"979\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/s11_00000375-e1690393503679.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/s11_00000375-e1690393503679.jpg 979w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/s11_00000375-e1690393503679-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/s11_00000375-e1690393503679-768x391.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 979px) 100vw, 979px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/26\/special-episode-the-unseen-victims-of-nuclear-testing\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >SPECIAL EPISODE: The Unseen Victims of Nuclear Testing<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Six decades ago, the Soviet Union conducted its inaugural nuclear test, code-named \"First Lightning,\" at a test facility situated on the vast steppe of northeast Kazakhstan, formerly known as the Kazakh SSR. This site, the Semipalatinsk Polygon, would serve as the stage for a staggering 450(+) atomic explosions over the ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/26\/special-episode-the-unseen-victims-of-nuclear-testing\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/24\/beneath-the-surface-nuclear-testing-moves-underground\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/Photo-1-500x281.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/Photo-1-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/Photo-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/Photo-1.jpg 745w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/24\/beneath-the-surface-nuclear-testing-moves-underground\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Beneath the Surface: Nuclear Testing Moves Underground<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In May 1955, the United Nations Disarmament Commission brought together major nuclear powers, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union, to engage in negotiations aimed at halting nuclear weapons testing. The negotiations faced early challenges as conflict arose over the verification of underground testing ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/24\/beneath-the-surface-nuclear-testing-moves-underground\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/18\/the-next-nuclear-milestone-the-soviet-unions-first-thermonuclear-test\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-500x251.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-500x251.jpg 500w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-1024x514.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-768x386.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-1536x771.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-800x402.jpg 800w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350-1280x643.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/sloika-2-1-e1690223163350.jpg 1563w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/18\/the-next-nuclear-milestone-the-soviet-unions-first-thermonuclear-test\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Towards the Next Nuclear Milestone<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">With the potential to forever alter the course of global security, the inaugural test of the world's first thermonuclear weapon poised itself to redefine the trajectory of human history. Codenamed \"Mike,\" this groundbreaking test was conducted by the United States on November 1, 1952, at the Enewetak atoll in the ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/18\/the-next-nuclear-milestone-the-soviet-unions-first-thermonuclear-test\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/14\/unveiling-semipalatinsk-a-closer-look-at-the-historic-nuclear-test-site\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-500x225.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-500x225.jpg 500w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-1024x461.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-768x346.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped-800x360.jpg 800w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/image1170x530cropped.jpg 1178w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/14\/unveiling-semipalatinsk-a-closer-look-at-the-historic-nuclear-test-site\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Unveiling Semipalatinsk: A Closer Look at the Historic Nuclear Test Site<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">The Birth of the Semipalatinsk Test Site The world was jolted by the sheer power of nuclear weapons when the United States unleashed an uranium bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed by a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki just three days later. These catastrophic events left an indelible mark, ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/14\/unveiling-semipalatinsk-a-closer-look-at-the-historic-nuclear-test-site\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/09\/why-kazakhstan\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-500x225.jpeg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-500x225.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-300x135.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-1024x461.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-768x346.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-800x360.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478-1280x576.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/GettyImages-878956478.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/09\/why-kazakhstan\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Why the Kazakh Steppe Became the Crucible of Soviet Nuclear Testing<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">The Cold War is often referred to as a bloodless conflict. Although it was characterized by an intensive arms race, neither superpower used its massive nuclear arsenal to attack the other. Despite this fortunate outcome, recent scholarship has emphasized that there were, in fact, victims.Masco, Joseph, and Joseph Masco. The ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/2023\/07\/09\/why-kazakhstan\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1674,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-87","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Echoes of the Steppe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-07-24T18:14:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"924\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"714\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/soviet-nuclear-activities\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/soviet-nuclear-activities\\\/\",\"name\":\"Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-11T19:41:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-24T18:14:52+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/soviet-nuclear-activities\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/soviet-nuclear-activities\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/soviet-nuclear-activities\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Soviet Nuclear Activities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/\",\"name\":\"Echoes of the Steppe\",\"description\":\"The Dark History of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e59c084b5970ac1bf1f466cf041f715c\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e59c084b5970ac1bf1f466cf041f715c\",\"name\":\"Seth Gorelik\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/642\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/logo-e1689691361331.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/642\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/logo-e1689691361331.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/642\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/logo-e1689691361331.png\",\"width\":924,\"height\":714,\"caption\":\"Seth Gorelik\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/courses.bowdoin.edu\\\/echoes-of-the-steppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/642\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/logo-e1689691361331.png\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe","og_url":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/","og_site_name":"Echoes of the Steppe","article_modified_time":"2023-07-24T18:14:52+00:00","og_image":[{"width":924,"height":714,"url":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/","url":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/","name":"Soviet Nuclear Activities - Echoes of the Steppe","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-07-11T19:41:18+00:00","dateModified":"2023-07-24T18:14:52+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/soviet-nuclear-activities\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Soviet Nuclear Activities"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/#website","url":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/","name":"Echoes of the Steppe","description":"The Dark History of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/#\/schema\/person\/e59c084b5970ac1bf1f466cf041f715c"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/#\/schema\/person\/e59c084b5970ac1bf1f466cf041f715c","name":"Seth Gorelik","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png","url":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png","width":924,"height":714,"caption":"Seth Gorelik"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/642\/2023\/07\/logo-e1689691361331.png"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1674"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/echoes-of-the-steppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}