{"id":109,"date":"2022-03-15T12:33:37","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T16:33:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/?page_id=109"},"modified":"2022-05-09T22:11:27","modified_gmt":"2022-05-10T02:11:27","slug":"louisiana","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/state\/louisiana\/","title":{"rendered":"Louisiana"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1949\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1949\" style=\"width: 1159px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1949 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/8.9.12.DeptOfEdLogo_Color.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1159\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/8.9.12.DeptOfEdLogo_Color.png 1159w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/8.9.12.DeptOfEdLogo_Color-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/8.9.12.DeptOfEdLogo_Color-1024x340.png 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/8.9.12.DeptOfEdLogo_Color-768x255.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1159px) 100vw, 1159px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1949\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Louisiana, Department of Education. Louisiana Believes Logo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Vaishali Miriyagalla<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Data Collection<\/h2>\n<h4>Demographics:<\/h4>\n<p>United States Census Bureau:<\/p>\n<p>Total K-12 student population: <strong>797,855<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Total K-12 in public school: <strong>664,139<\/strong> (83.2%)<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Total K-12 in private school:\u00a0<strong>133,716<\/strong> (16.8%)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Race\/Ethnicity <\/strong>(USCB):<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Black<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Native<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Asian<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hispanic or Latino<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">K-12<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">436,471<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">301,381<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6,718<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">13,397<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">54,746<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">percent<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">54.71%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">37.78%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">0.84%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.68%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.86%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Poverty Rates\u00a0<\/strong>(USCB):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K-12 below poverty level: 208,572 (27%)<\/li>\n<li>State below poverty level: 18.7%<\/li>\n<li>K-12 at\/above poverty level: 576,804 (73%)<\/li>\n<li>State at\/above poverty level: 81.3%<\/li>\n<li>A higher percent of K-12 students are below poverty level than people statewide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Free-Reduced Price Lunch (FRP) <\/strong>in Public Schools (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 204.10): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2000-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2010-11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018-9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">38.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">48.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">52.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">58.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">66.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">53.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>English Language Learners (ELL)<\/strong> in Public Schools (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 204.20):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2010<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The percent of English Language Learners in LA has increased in the past 20 years but remains lower than the national average.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1853\" style=\"width: 1760px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1853 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90.jpg 1760w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/90-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lesson on reading comprehension at Red River Elementary (Juhasz)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Public 4-year Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate<\/strong> (<strong>ACGR<\/strong>) (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 219.46): \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_219.46.asp\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018-9\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Black<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hispanic<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Asian\/PI<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Native<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Multi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">86%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">89%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">80%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">82%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">93%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">74%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">80%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">86%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">76%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">67%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">89%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">88%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">84%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"letter-spacing: -0.015em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>disabilities<\/td>\n<td>ELL<\/td>\n<td>economically<br \/>\ndisadvantaged<\/td>\n<td>homeless<\/td>\n<td>foster<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>US<\/td>\n<td>68%<\/td>\n<td>69%<\/td>\n<td>80%<\/td>\n<td>&#8212;<\/td>\n<td>&#8212;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>LA<\/td>\n<td>65%<\/td>\n<td>41%<\/td>\n<td>74%<\/td>\n<td>66%<\/td>\n<td>53%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Public Schools by Type &amp; Title I Funding\u00a0<\/strong>(NCES, &#8220;Common Core of Data,&#8221; table 3):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regular<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1,363<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Special Education\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">29<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Career\/Technical School<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Alternative<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Charter<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">146<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Magnet<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">41<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Title I Funds (35% low income)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1,209 (88.7%)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Title I School (40% low income)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1,185 (86.7%)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1,363<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US title I funds (35% LI): 71.45%<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US title I schools (40% LI): 58.6%<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Charters:<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Charter Schools<\/strong>\u00a0as percent of public schools\u00a0(NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 216.90)\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2000-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2010-11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018-9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The percent of charters has grown substantially in Louisiana, even more than nationwide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Students Served in Charters<\/strong> (as percent of total enrollment in public schools):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 192px\" width=\"590\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2000-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2010-11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018-9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">0.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">12.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>There are significantly more Louisiana students in charters today than 20 years ago.<\/li>\n<li>There is a higher percent of charter enrollment in Louisiana than nationwide.<\/li>\n<li>They serve proportionally more students than public schools. This differs from the nationwide average where each charter serves proportionally fewer students.<\/li>\n<li>One possible explanation for is that the Public School System in New Orleans, the largest urban region, is\u00a0<strong>exclusively charter schools <\/strong>(Louisiana, Dept.., \u00a0&#8220;Recovery&#8230;&#8221;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1808\" style=\"width: 1894px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1808 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1894\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_.jpg 1894w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_-1024x592.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_-768x444.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_-1536x888.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/5e6c0cf88355b.image_-1200x694.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1894px) 100vw, 1894px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warren Easton Charter School in New Orleans had the highest number of applicants for 9th graders in 2022 (Grunfield)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><strong>Expenditures\/Budget<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Total State Expenditures<\/strong>\u00a0(2017-18): <strong>$8,626,693<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 236.25)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Revenue<\/strong>\u00a0(NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 236.65):<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">USA<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">public school revenue receipt<br \/>\nper student<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">13,578<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">15,673<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">local revenue as a percentage<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of total revenue receipts<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">46.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">45.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">state revenue as percentage<br \/>\nof total revenue receipts (18-19)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">42.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">46.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">federal revenue as percentage<br \/>\nof total revenue receipt (18-19)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">12.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>Louisiana Public Schools receive less funding than the national average, and a larger percent comes from federal funding (likely due to the high percent of Title I schools).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Average Per Pupil Expenditure<\/strong> is $12,063; the national average is $13,118 (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 236.65).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>High\/Low Per Pupil Expenditure<\/strong>\u00a0Nov. 2020 (Office&#8230;):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Highest<\/strong> 2: $122,920 &amp; $122,656 per pupil<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">both are <strong>alternative<\/strong> high schools run by the <strong>Office of Juvenile Justice<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The two other alternative high schools spend $14,853 &amp; 13,726 per pupil (close to the state average).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Lowest<\/strong> 2: $3,190 &amp; $3,221<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">both are <strong>virtual<\/strong> schools<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The two other virtual schools spend $13,519 &amp; $8,907 (closer to the state average).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Teachers &amp; Staff<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Average Class Size<\/strong>\u00a02017-8 (NCES, &#8220;National Teacher and Principal Survey&#8221;):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primary<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Middle<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">High<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">26.2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">24.9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">23.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">25.5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">20.4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">20.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The average class size in Louisiana is smaller than the national average at all grade levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Teacher Demographics<\/strong> 2011-12 (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 209.30):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Total # of Teachers (by thousand)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">44.5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3385.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&lt; Bachelors<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bachelors<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">61.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">39.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Masters<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">27.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">47.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Specialist\/Doctorate<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&lt; 3 years of experience<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3-9 years of experience<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">31.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">33.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10-20 years of experience<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">33.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">36.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&gt; 20 years of experience<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">26.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">21.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Average Elementary Class Size<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">19.0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">21.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Average Secondary Class Size<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">23.4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">26.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>More teachers have only a Bachelors and fewer have a Masters than the national average.<\/li>\n<li>Additionally, in the past ten years, elementary class sizes have <strong>increased<\/strong>!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Requirements &amp; Training<\/strong> (NCES, &#8220;Digest of Education Statistics,&#8221; table 234.50):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>basic skills exam<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a subject matter exam<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a knowledge of teaching exam<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">an assessment of teaching performance\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Salaries <\/strong>(National Education Association): <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average staff salary (19-20)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">$56,435<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">$66,496<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average teacher salary (19-20)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">$51,566<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">$64,133<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The average Lousiana teachers or staff is paid less in Louisiana than the national average.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>8.38% decrease<\/strong> in the inflation adjusted average teacher salary in public schools in LA (from 2011-2 to 2020-1)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">0.88% increase in US<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>5.69% decrease<\/strong> in the inflation adjusted average staff salary in public schools in LA (from 2011-2 to 2020-1)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.77% increase in US<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Merit Pay<\/strong> (Louisiana, Dept&#8230;, &#8220;Act 1&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Previously, Merit Pay was based on seniority and academic credentials.<\/li>\n<li>Recently it switched to Compensation for &#8220;Effective Educators&#8221; (teachers who improve student achievement the most).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">How is &#8220;effectiveness&#8221; measured??\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">50% based on student learning<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">if a subject tested by state standardized exam, use student test scores<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">50% based on classroom observations by his or her principal, other teachers\/educators in district<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If a teacher categorized as ineffective, they not eligible to salary increase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Compensation is based on individual teacher\u2019s evaluation, not the performance of entire school or district.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Teacher Unions<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1825\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1825\" style=\"width: 1536px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1825 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/A8AD9F7E-AA1A-431C-B528-EB301C5F0ED0-scaled-1-1536x1152-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1825\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Baton Rouge Covid Protest (Canicosa)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Louisiana Federation of Teachers<\/strong> (<strong>LFT<\/strong>) &#8211; a chapter of AFT (American Federation of Teachers)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">President Larry Carter\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">received charter from AFT in 1965 (&#8220;About Us&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">advocating for teacher raises (&#8220;The January Edition&#8221;)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">governor proposed $1,500 raise for teachers and $750 raise for employees, but not enough<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">pushing back against over-prescriptive curriculums (&#8220;The January Edition&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">parents support their teachers (&#8220;The January Edition&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Louisiana Association of Educators<\/strong> (<strong>LAE<\/strong>)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">18,000 members: teachers, paraprofessionals, counselors, psychologists, librarians, food service workers, school secretaries, custodians, bus drivers, and other non-supervisory certificated personnel (&#8220;About LAE&#8230;&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Advocate for increased funding, reopening schools safely, fair pay &amp; benefits (healthcare coverage), inclusive workspaces (&#8220;Fair Pay &amp; Benefits&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oppose privatization because it harms employees (&#8220;Advocating for Change&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cLouisiana invested $1 million in state\u2019s largest healthcare provider to provide all public school educators with access to free virtual teletherapy sessions\u201d (McGrath).<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Testing, Accountability &amp; Curriculum:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Test Scores<\/strong> (&#8220;State Performance&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4th grade (2019)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8th grade\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mathematics: LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than National average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 73% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 29% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than National average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 61% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 23% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mathematics: US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 80% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 40% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 68% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 33% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading: LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than national average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 55% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 26% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than national average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 68% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 27% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading: US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 65% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 34% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 72% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 32% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Writing: LA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than national average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 80% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 14% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2007): significantly <strong>lower<\/strong> than National average<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 88% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 17% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Writing: US<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 85% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 27% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 87% meeting basic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; 31% proficient<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>4th Grade Math Scores<\/strong> (&#8220;NAEP&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">no significant difference between rural, town suburb, city\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">no significant difference between schools with FRP and not\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly lower scores for Hispanic and Black than White (in LA and USA)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">significantly lower scores for students with FRP (in LA &amp; USA)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>School Requirements<\/strong> (&#8220;Louisiana State Regulations&#8221;):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">prior to 2009: 4 units of English, 3 Math, 3 science, 3 ss, 2 units of health, 2 units of PE, 8 units of electives (max 4 credits of religion)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Core 4 Curriculum (began 2009-10): 4 units of math, science, english, ss; 2 units of health and PE, 2 units of foreign language\/speech, one unit of art, 3 units of electives<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">operate 180 days for 330 mins of instruction per day\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">max of 35 students in one class except for PE, art, music, etc<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">immunization requirements<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">must provide free transportation for nonpublic school students attending approved schools\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">any approved nonpublic school may award a school diploma:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">pass 3 End-of-Course Tests: English II or III, Algebra 1 or geometry, biology or American history<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">at least 2 days of professional development<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Common Core Standard<\/strong> adopted in 2013-14 (&#8220;Standards&#8230;&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Accoding to <strong>Next Generation Science Standards<\/strong>, \u201cLouisiana\u2019s ESSA plan specifies Title I funds will support, in part, career and technical education courses and advanced courses such as dual enrollment. The plan also suggests districts could use Title IV, Part B funds to support an afterschool STEM program\u201d (&#8220;Leveraging ESSA&#8230;&#8221;)<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1833\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1833\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1833 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/brbytes_leehigh.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/brbytes_leehigh.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/brbytes_leehigh-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/brbytes_leehigh-1024x820.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/544\/2022\/05\/brbytes_leehigh-768x615.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">LSU STEM Program at Liberty High School (Hahne)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Science Standards <\/strong>from\u00a0Next\u00a0Generation Science Standards (&#8220;The State&#8230;&#8221;):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LA has implemented <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Framework<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (a standard officially known as \u201cA Framework for K-12 Science Education\u201d)\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">but has not adopted NGSS (Next Generation Science Standard)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The State Science Assessment at the end of the academic year are used as an accountability system for elementary, middle and high schools<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Recovery School District <\/strong>(<strong>RSD<\/strong>):\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">program launched in 2003 that targets low performance schools (rated D\/F) and help improve them (Louisiana, Dept&#8230;.) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>School Choice:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Public School Choice<\/strong> (&#8220;Open Enrollment&#8230;&#8221;):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mandatory Open Enrollment:\u00a0<\/strong>If currently attending a school with a performance letter grade of D or F, parents\/guardians can enroll their child in another public school (letter grade A, B, or C) in district (<strong>intradistrict<\/strong>) or out of district\u00a0(<strong>interdistrict<\/strong>), assuming it has enough space.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Voluntary Open Enrollment:\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intradistrict<\/strong>: If current school becomes an RSD, board may allow enrollment in other public schools in district.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interdistrict<\/strong>: At the discretion of local boards, students may attend public schools of adjoining parishes. If assigned school is over an hour of commute, parents may request a different public school in a closer district.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Private School Funding Programs<\/strong> (&#8220;School Choice in America&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only 1.0% of students participate into one of Louisiana\u2019s private educational options<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Elementary &amp; Secondary School Tuition Deduction:\u00a0<\/strong>2008 (&#8220;Elementary&#8230;&#8221;):\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Individual Tax Credit\/Deduction\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">71,468 participating tax-payers in 2019 (decreasing yearly, 66,671 participants in 2020)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">55% participation rate\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">129,206 eligible (16% eligibility rate):\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">all K-12 LA private school students are eligible: any taxpayer has has private school expenses\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">deduct up to $5,000 when filing taxes\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>School Choice Program for Certain Students with Exceptionalities:\u00a0<\/strong>2010-11 (&#8220;School Choice Program&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voucher<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">453 participants<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6% eligible: reside in parish of 190,000+ residents, qualify for special needs\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average funding: $2,491 (20% public funding)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">24 schools<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Student Scholarships for Educational Excellence Program<\/strong>: 2008 (&#8220;Student Scholarship&#8230;&#8221;): <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voucher<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6,405 participants<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">32% eligible: household income no more than 250% above poverty line, attended public school designated as C,D,F in previous year\/attending K\/enrolled in a public school at the Recovery School District<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average funding: $6,325 (50% public funding)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">131 schools<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Tuition Donation Credit Program:\u00a0<\/strong>2012 (&#8220;Tuition&#8230;&#8221;):\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tax-Credit Scholarship<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">prior year in public school (or entering K)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2,215 participants<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">217,373 eligible (46% eligibility rate)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">household income less than 250% of federal poverty line ($66,250 in \u201821)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average funding: $4,209\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">156 schools<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Works Cited:<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Canicosa, JC. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Illuminator<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 22 Jul 2021, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/lailluminator.com\/briefs\/louisiana-teachers-union-stages-sickout-demands-classes-go-virtual\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">lailluminator.com\/briefs\/louisiana-teachers-union-stages-sickout-demands-classes-go-virtual\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common Core Standards Initiative<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cStandards in Your State.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.corestandards.org\/standards-in-your-state\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.corestandards.org \/standards-in-your-state<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cElementary and Secondary School Tuition Deduction.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdChoice, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-elementary-and-secondary-school-tuition-deduction\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-elementary-and-secondary-school-tuition-deduction\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Grunfield, David. Nola.com, 18 Apr. 2022, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nola.com\/news\/education\/article_498a8602-bc35-11ec-b916-b71cf20b156c.html\">www.nola.com\/news \/education\/article _498a8602-bc35-11ec-b916-b71cf20b156c.html<\/a>. Accessed 8 May 2022.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hahne, Elsa. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana State University, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5 Apr. 2021, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lsu.edu\/research\/news\/2021\/0405-brbytes-pathways.php\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.lsu.edu\/research\/news\/2021\/0405-brbytes-pathways.php<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juhasz, Aubri. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WWNO<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 8 Jun. 2021. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wwno.org\/education\/2021-07-29\/why-louisiana-schools-are-sticking-with-plans-for-in-person-classes-despite-recent-covid-spike\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.wwno.org\/education\/ 2021-07-29\/why-louisiana-schools-are-sticking-with-plans-for-in-person-classes-despite-recent-covid-spike<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Association of Educators. \u201cAbout LAE: Purpose and Power in Community.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lae.org\/about\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.lae.org\/about<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Association of Educators. \u201cAdvocating for Change.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lae.org\/advocating-change\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.lae.org\/advocating-change<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Association of Educators. \u201cFair Pay &amp; Benefits.\u201d<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lae.org\/your-rights-workplace\/fair-pay-benefits\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.lae.org\/your-rights-workplace\/fair-pay-benefits<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana, Department of Education. \u201cAct I Compensation Requirements FAQs.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/teaching\/faq---compensation-requirements.pdf?sfvrsn=856ba19_2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/ teaching\/faq&#8212;compensation-requirements.pdf?sfvrsn=856ba19_2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Louisiana, Department of Education. Louisiana Believes Logo. Web. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.louisianabelieves.com\">www.louisianabelieves.com<\/a>, 8 May 2022.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana, Department of Education. \u201cRecovery School District.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/recovery-school-district\/rsd-defined.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/recovery-school-district\/rsd-defined.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Federation of Teachers. \u201cAbout Us.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/la.aft.org\/about-us\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">la.aft.org\/about-us<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 6 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Federation of Teachers. \u201cThe January Edition.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The LFT Newsletter,<\/span><\/i> <a href=\"http:\/\/la.aft.org\/news\/january-edition\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">la.aft.org\/news\/january-edition<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">McGrath, Melissa. \u201c4 Ways States Are Using American Rescue Plan Funds.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdNote, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11 Feb 2022,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ednote.ecs.org\/4-ways-states-are-using-american-rescue-plan-funds\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ednote.ecs.org\/4-ways-states-are-using-american-rescue-plan-funds\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 6 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cNAEP Main Data Explorer.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nation\u2019s Report Card, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationsreportcard.gov\/ndecore\/landing\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.nationsreportcard.gov\/ndecore\/landing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cCommon Core of Data.\u201d table 3. Number of Operating Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by School Type, Charter, Magnet, Title I, Title I Schoolwide Status, and State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2019-20. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ccd\/tables\/201920_summary_3.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/ccd\/tables\/201920_summary_3.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 2019.30. Highest Degree Earned, years of Full-Time teaching Experience, and Average Class Size for Teachers in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, By State: 2011-12.\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d19\/tables\/dt19_209.30.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d19\/tables\/dt19_209.30.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 204.10. Number and percentage of public school students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, by state: Selected years, 2001-01 through 2018-19. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_204.10.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs \/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_204.10.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 204.20. English language Learners (ELL) Students Enrolled in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, bby State: Selected Years Fall 2000 through Fall 2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_204.20.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_204.20.asp<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Accessed 8 May 2022. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 216.90. Public Elementary and Secondary Charter Schools and Enrollment, and Charter Schools and Enrollment as a Percentage of Total Public Schools and Total Enrollment in Public Schools, by state: Selected Years, 2000-01 through 2018-19. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_216.90.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs \/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_216.90.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 219.46. Public High School 4-Year Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate (ACGR), by Selected Student Characteristics and State: 2010-11 through 2018-19. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_219.46.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs\/ digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_219.46.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 234.50. Required testing For Initial Certification of Elementary and Secondary School teachers, by Type of Assessment and State: 2017 and 2018.\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d19\/tables\/dt19_234.50.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d19\/tables\/dt19_234.50.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 236.25. Current Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2017-18. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_236.25.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs \/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_236.25.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cDigest of Education Statistics.\u201d table 236.65. Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2017-18. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_236.65.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_236.65.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Education Statistics. \u201cNational Teacher and Principal Survey.\u201d table. Average Class Size in Public Schools, by Class Type and State: 2017-18. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/surveys\/ntps\/tables\/ntps1718_fltable06_t1s.asp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nces.ed.gov\/surveys\/ntps\/tables\/ntps1718_fltable06_t1s.asp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Education Association. \u201cRankings of the States 2020 and Estimates of School Statistics 2021.\u201d Apr. 2021, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-04\/2021%20Rankings_and_Estimates_Report.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.nea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-04\/2021%20Rankings _and_Estimates_Report.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Next Generation Science Standards. \u201cLeveraging ESSA to Promote Science and STEM Education in States.\u201d 26 June 2018, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextgenscience.org\/leveraging-essa-promote-science-and-stem-education-states\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.nextgenscience.org\/leveraging-essa-promote- science-and-stem-education-states<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Next Generation Science Standards. \u201cThe State of State Science Education Policy: Achieve&#8217;s 2018 Science Policy Survey.\u201d May 2019, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextgenscience.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Science%20Policy%20Survey%20Report_Final.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.nextgenscience.org\/sites \/default\/files\/Science%20Policy%20Survey%20Report_Final.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Office of Elementary &amp; Secondary Education. \u201cPer Pupil Expenditures: Louisiana.\u201d 25 Nov. 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oese.ed.gov\/ppe\/louisiana\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">oese.ed.gov\/ppe\/louisiana\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cOpen Enrollment Policies 2022: State Profile &#8211; Louisiana.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Education Commission of the States, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mar. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reports.ecs.org\/comparisons\/view-by-state\/590\/LA\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">reports.ecs.org\/comparisons\/view-by-state\/590\/LA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cSchool Choice in America Dashboard.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdChoice,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 1 Mar. 2021, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/school-choice-in-america-dashboard-scia\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.edchoice.org\/ school-choice-in-america-dashboard-scia\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cSchool Choice Program for Certain Students with Exceptionalities.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdChoice, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-school-choice-program-for-certain-students-with-exceptionalities\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-school-choice-program-for-certain-students-with-exceptionalities\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cState Performance Compared to the Nation.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nation\u2019s Report Card<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationsreportcard.gov\/profiles\/stateprofile\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.nationsreportcard.gov\/profiles\/stateprofile<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cStudent Scholarships for Educational Excellence Program.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdChoice, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-scholarship-program\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.edchoice.org\/ school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-scholarship-program\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cTuition Donation Credit Program.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EdChoice, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/programs\/louisiana-tuition-donation-credit-program\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.edchoice.org\/school-choice\/ programs\/louisiana-tuition-donation-credit-program\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">United States Census Bureau<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cAmerican Community Survey 2019 1-Year Estimates.\u201d<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">table S1401 | School Enrollment. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/data.census.gov\/cedsci\/table?t=Education%3ASchool%20Enrollment&amp;g=0400000US22&amp;tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1401\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">data.census.gov\/cedsci\/table?t=Education%3ASchool %20Enrollment&amp;g=0400000US22&amp;tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1401<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US Department of Education. \u201cLouisiana State Regulations.\u201d 15 Nov. 2012, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/inits\/ed\/non-public-education\/regulation-map\/louisiana.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www2.ed.gov\/about \/inits\/ed\/non-public-education\/regulation-map\/louisiana.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Analyzing the Trends:<\/h3>\n<h4>Racial &amp; Socioeconomic Inequity<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Looking into the demographics provided by the US Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. it is immediately clear that there are significant racial and socioeconomic disparities. The graduation rate for white students in 2019 was 86% while only 76% for Black students and 67% for Hispanic students. The population of K-12 students is 55% white, 38% Black, 6.9% Hispanic. These numbers contrast with the overall population of Louisiana, which is 62% white, 32% Black, and 5.2% Hispanic. This subtle difference could impact the policies surrounding racial equality. The voting population and political representation is more white than the target K-12 population. In this same vein, there is a higher percentage of K-12 students below the poverty level (26.6%) than the Louisiana state percent below the poverty level (18.7%).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to a survey conducted by the Social Science Research Council, Louisiana had very high rates of \u201cyouth disconnection\u201d before the pandemic, 4th highest in the nation. \u201cYouth disconnection\u201d is defined as the percent of 16-24 year olds who are not working or in school. Similar to graduation rates, Louisiana Black disconnection rates were 22.3% while White disconnection rates were only 12.2% (Lewis). Poverty directly contributes to disconnection rates and education inequity, especially as school choice expands in the state. The transition to virtual learning during the pandemic only worsened these inequities. 25% of families do not have access to the internet, increasing disparities. Yet, 99% of private school students have access to the internet. The state is working to distribute laptops and resources to its students, providing WiFi access in school parking lots, libraries, and other public facilities (Sentell). Yet, this is not enough to overcome the digital divide; the most vulnerable populations will continuously be disproportionately affected.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Increased white flight from urban areas including New Orleans and Baton Rouge furthers this inequity. As parents enroll their children to private schools, move out of the inner cities, schools resegregate and wealth remains concentrated in certain school districts. Inequity persists in these urban areas where there is greater \u201cresidential segregation, school choice, and local control\u201d (Juhasz). But racial disparities extend beyond urban areas: in rural communities, Black disconnection rates are as high as 45.6%. (Lewis). These rural schools are some of the poorest, where internet access is even more sparse. Racial disparities are a result of a significant history of racial discrimination. The highest predictor of graduation is parent education levels. Generations of Black Louisianians were prevented from getting an education under slavery and then Jim Crow. Redlining created extremely segregated parishes that have never been restructured. Youth incarceration also disproportionately affects Black youth, low-income families, and those with special needs or mental illnesses. 80% of incarcerated youths are Black while only about 30% of Louisiana youth are Black. Louisiana has one of the harshest Juvenile Justice Systems. At age 17, one is legally treated as an adult. Many are incarcerated for nonviolent crimes and there are limited opportunities after release: nearly half are re-incarcerated within 3 years (Louisiana Center&#8230;). This justice system directly works against the effort to provide an adequate and equal education for all children.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From a more funding angle, we see inequity worsening in parishes with segregated housing. A predominantly white and extremely wealthy region of Baton Rouge known as St. George has been trying to separate into their city, forming a new school district. They feel that they should not pay into the larger school district and bus their children to the inner city schools while their tax dollars fund resources for other children. If they are successful, so many children in Baton Rouge will be displaced from their schools and the local expenditures will shrink substantially. Thus far, the St. George petition to separate has been unsuccessful and the mayor of Baton Rouge outwardly opposes this movement (Rojas).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To address the inequity, there has recently been a push toward increasing access to pre-K. The pandemic highlighted the need for childcare and preschool is one of the best ways to give an extra leverage to students coming to elementary school. Currently, a higher percent of Black toddlers are enrolled in pre-K than white toddlers (Juhasz).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Furthermore, in 2003, Louisiana started a program called Recovery School District (RSD). This targets schools that are consistently failing to meet standards. Failing schools need to submit and follow through an intervention plan or are placed under the guidance of the RSD to follow through with the intervention outlined by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). The RSD will take control if a school is rated F for 4 years in a row. These improvements have consistently been outsourced to private companies and charter programs. In Baton Rouge, the Baton Rouge Achievement Zone (BRAZ) works with the RSD to transition public schools into \u201chigh-performing,\u201d career and college oriented charters. Currently, BRAZ charter schools serve over 4,000 students. (Lousiana, Dept&#8230;)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans school system suffered. Poverty, trauma, homelessness disadvantaged so many students. Many schools were categorized as \u201cfailing.\u201d An overhaul by RSD was essential and the proposed solution was to implement charter schools. Gradually charters began to take over the district, forcing local schools to shut down due to low enrollment. Simultaneously, the district increased funding for the district to offset the increased administrative and transportation costs. This system has been referenced by pro-choice advocates as one of the more successful charter school systems, as student achievement (based on test scores, graduation rates, college attendance) has increased. But others question whether this improvement is related to the new charters (Strauss). Some argue that the New Orleans school system was extremely weak before Katrina, and any changes would have created improvement. Furthermore, poverty rates in New Orleans have decreased and overall school funds have increased separate from the transition to charters. It is difficult to discern the role charters play when these other factors are known to impact student success (Strauss). Unfortunately, even as $2 Billion has refurbished so much of the school system, there remains significant racial and socioeconomic disparities (Louisiana, Dep&#8230;).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Works Cited:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juhasz, Aubri. \u201c\u2018Portrait of Louisiana\u2019 Shows Education Gap Persists Between Black and White Residents.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WWNO Public Radio, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">16 Nov. 2020, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwno.org\/education\/2020-11-16\/portrait-of-louisiana-shows-education-gap-persists-between-black-and-white-residents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wwno.org\/education\/2020-11-16\/ portrait-of-louisiana-shows-education-gap-persists-between-black-and-white-residents<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lewis, Kristen. \u201cInequalities in Louisiana have been Exacerbated by COVID-19.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lens, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">16 Feb. 2021, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thelensnola.org\/2021\/02\/16\/inequalities-in-louisiana-have-been-exacerbated-by-covid-19\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/thelensnola.org\/2021\/02\/16\/inequalities-in-louisiana-have-been-exacerbated-by-covid-19\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana, Department of Education. \u201cRecovery School District.\u201d <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/recovery-school-district\/rsd-defined.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/recovery-school-district\/rsd-defined.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana Center for Children\u2019s Rights. \u201cLouisiana Platform for Children: Juvenile Justice Chapter.\u201d Sept. 2015,\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.laccr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Juvenile-Justice-Chapter-from-Platform-for-Children.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.laccr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Juvenile-Justice- Chapter-from-Platform-for-Children.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Rojas Rick. &#8220;Suburbanites In Louisiana Vote to Create a New City of Their Own.&#8221; <em>The New York Times,\u00a0<\/em>13 Oct. 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/13\/us\/baton-rouge-st-george.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/13\/us\/baton-rouge-st-george.html<\/a>. Accessed 8 May 2022.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sentell, Will. \u201c25% of Louisiana Students Lack Internet Access Needed for Virtual Learning: \u2018We Have a Long Way to Go.\u2019\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Advocate<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 15 Aug. 2020.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/education\/article_a2597ee0-dcd1-11ea-b916-87348f601360.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge \/news\/education\/article_a2597ee0-dcd1-11ea-b916-87348f601360.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strauss, Valerie. \u201cThe Real Story of New Orleans and its Charter Schools.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Washington Post<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 4 Seprt 2018,\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/education\/2018\/09\/04\/real-story-new-orleans-its-charter-schools\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/education\/2018\/09\/04\/real-story-new-orleans- its-charter-schools\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Teacher Pay &amp; Shortages<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louisiana teachers and staff have experienced a pay decrease in the past decade. When adjusted for inflation teachers had 8.38% decrease in pay and staff had a 5.69% decrease in pay (NCES).\u00a0 This is troubling especially in a state where the average staff salary is $10,000 below the national average and the average teachers salary is $12,500 below the national average (NEA). This was before the pandemic, which only made teaching more difficult. From the school year 2020 to 2021, there was a net decrease in the number of teachers and staff in public schools, even as schools undeniably had more work.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As schools reopened in Fall 2020, the LFT and LAE fought to make a safe environment for teachers and students. Because cases were so high in July 2020, they wanted to delay opening schools for in-person education, an initiative that was largely unsuccessful (only New Orleans opted for virtual school until Labor Day). The unions also petitioned to establish strict guidelines over masking but were met with political resistance, unable to get mandatory masking in many parishes\u00a0(Sentell). The large presence of private and charters further restricts the work of the unions. In January 2022, the struggle for teacher safety persisted. The case counts were as high as ever: the healthcare system was once again overwhelmed and ICUs remained filled. In East Baton Rouge, 760 faculty called in sick to protest the \u201cdistrict\u2019s refusal to offer virtual learning.\u201d Publicly, the district denied the AFT, NEA, and local union led \u2018sickout.\u2019 Similar cases have occurred throughout the South. (Connor)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These difficulties have undoubtedly contributed to the major teacher shortage we are seeing today. There are so many unfilled classrooms. The state already has a high percentage of teachers with only Bachelor\u2019s degrees, 61.9%, compared to the 39.9% nationwide. Only 27.0% of teachers in LA have a master\u2019s compared to the national percentage, 47.7% (NCES). As we have learned in this class, emergency teachers come through accelerated certification programs and pursue higher education while teaching. With the low salaries of teachers today, this process is increasingly difficult. The situation is extremely dire, and Louisiana has decided to turn to retired teachers. As of May 4, 2022, Louisiana Senate is working to pass a bill to \u201callow select educators to come out of retirement for double the current rate while retaining their full benefits. This means teachers can return to the classroom and earn 50% of their final average compensation\u201d (Robinson). Many retired teachers loved their career for the students, but hated the pay, paperwork, and limited benefits. Because teacher shortages harm students, this bill may temporarily refill empty classrooms. But many argue it is merely a \u201cBand-Aid\u201d for the larger problems of teaching in Louisiana (Robinson). I personally wonder how this would affect teachers that are near retirement or even more experienced than those returning. They undoubtedly deserve a pay-raise as well.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Works Cited:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Connor, Shelley. \u201cBaton Rouge, Louisiana Teachers Stage Sickout as COVID-19 Ravages the South.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">wsws.org,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 15 Jan. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2022\/01\/15\/sout-j15.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2022\/01\/15\/sout-j15.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robinson, Perry. \u201cRetired Teachers in LA Could Return to Work for Double Pay Thanks to New Bill.\u201d <em>WAFB<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 4 May 2022, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wafb.com\/2022\/05\/05\/retired-teachers-louisiana-could-return-work-double-pay-thanks-new-bill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wafb.com\/2022\/05\/05\/retired-teachers-louisiana-could- return-work-double-pay-thanks-new-bill\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sentell, Will. \u201cTeacher Unions \u2018Having a Role\u2019 in School Reopenings; Major Requests Go Unanswered.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Advocate, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">28 July 2020, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/education\/article_e9c90254-d0e3-11ea-96db-bf68b03fe0ad.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/education\/article_ e9c90254-d0e3-11ea-96db-bf68b03fe0ad.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Accessed 8 May 2022. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vaishali Miriyagalla Data Collection Demographics: United States Census Bureau: Total K-12 student population: 797,855 Total K-12 in public school: 664,139 (83.2%) Total K-12 in private school:\u00a0133,716 (16.8%) Race\/Ethnicity (USCB): White Black Native Asian Hispanic or Latino K-12 436,471 301,381 6,718 13,397 54,746 percent 54.71% 37.78% 0.84% 1.68% 6.86% Poverty Rates\u00a0(USCB): K-12 below poverty level: 208,572 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":11,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-109","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.bowdoin.edu\/education-1101-spring-2022\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}