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Image: Wofratz. 2001. Russian nuclear icebreaker Yamal en route to the North Pole, 2001<\/em>. In \u201cIcebreaker,\u201d Wikipedia<\/em>. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Icebreaker<\/a>.<\/p>\n Hough, Peter. 2013. \u201cThe International Political Wilderness,\u201d In International Politics of the Arctic: Coming in From the Cold<\/em>, 1-13, London: Routledge.<\/p>\n Arctic Council. 2021. \u201cAbout the Arctic Council.\u201d Arctic Council. https:\/\/arctic-council.org\/en\/about\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n RAND Corporation. 2021. \u201cGlobal Security.\u201d Topics. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/topics\/global-security.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 1: Kindersley, Doring. n.d. “Digital Illustration Of Map Showing Position Of Arctic Ocean And Surrounding Continents.”\u00a0Getty Images<\/em>. Accessed May 22, 2021. https:\/\/photos.com\/featured\/digital-illustration-of-map-showing-position-of-arctic-ocean-and-surrounding-continents-dorling-kindersley.html<\/p>\n Image 2: Lau, Jeff. 2015. “Getting into the Game: America’s Arctic Diplomacy.”\u00a0American Foreign Service Association.\u00a0<\/em>Accessed May 21, 2021. https:\/\/afsa.org\/getting-game-americas-arctic-policy<\/p>\n Boul\u00e8gue, Mathieu. 2019. \u201cMilitary implications for other Arctic states, NATO and its partners.<\/em>\u201d In Russia\u2019s Military Posture in the Arctic: Managing Hard Power in a \u201cLow Tension\u201d Environment<\/em>, 31-40. NATO Defense College. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep19965.12.<\/a><\/p>\n Bowman, Tom. 2021. “Pentagon Pushes For Bigger Effort To Deter China’s Growing Military Might.” NPR<\/em>, March 16, 2021. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/03\/16\/977987292\/pentagon-pushes-for-bigger-effort-to-deter-chinas-growing-military-might.<\/a><\/p>\n Brady, Anne-Marie. 2019. “Facing Up to China\u2019s Military Interests in the Arctic.” China Brief<\/em> 19 (21). https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/facing-up-to-chinas-military-interests-in-the-arctic\/.<\/a><\/p>\n “China Steps up Plans for Arctic Foray Raising Fears of Military Build-up.” 2021. The Economic Times<\/em>, March 6, 2021. https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/defence\/china-steps-up-plans-for-arctic-foray-raising-fears-of-military-build-up\/articleshow\/81363674.cms.<\/a><\/p>\n Dams, Ties, Louise van Schaik, and Ad\u00e1ja Stoetman. 2020. \u201cThe power of presence: engaging China in the Arctic.\u201d In Presence before power: China\u2019s Arctic strategy in Iceland and Greenland<\/em>, 38-42. Clingendael Institute. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep24677.8.<\/a><\/p>\n Danoy, Jim, and Marisol Maddox. 2020. “Set NATO\u2019s Sights on the High North.” NATO 20\/2020<\/em>, October 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/content-series\/nato20-2020\/set-natos-sights-on-the-high-north\/.<\/a><\/p>\n de Buitrago, Sybille Reinke. 2019. “Risk Representations and Confrontational Actions in the Arctic.” Journal of Strategic Security<\/em> 12 (3): 13-36. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26775813.<\/a><\/p>\n Deng, Beixi. 2017. \u201cNew Trends of Geopolitical Dynamics in the Arctic and China\u2019s Relations with the Major Arctic Players.<\/em>\u201d In U.S.-Sino Relations in the Arctic: A Road Map for Future Cooperation<\/em>, edited by Heather A. Conley, 16-19. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep23141.8.<\/a><\/p>\n Dwyer, William G. 2016. “China\u2019s Strategic Interests in the Arctic.” The Army War College Review<\/em> 2, no. 2 (May): 1-13. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep11942.3.<\/a><\/p>\n Kenney, Caitlin M. 2021. “Navy’s New Arctic Strategy Calls for More Activity as Competition from Russia, China Increases.” Military.com<\/em>, January 6, 2021. https:\/\/www.military.com\/daily-news\/2021\/01\/06\/navys-new-arctic-strategy-calls-more-activity-competition-russia-china-increases.html.<\/a><\/p>\n Koh, Swee Lean Collin. 2020. “China\u2019s Strategic Interest in the Arctic Goes Beyond Economics.” Defense News<\/em>, May 12, 2020. https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/commentary\/2020\/05\/11\/chinas-strategic-interest-in-the-arctic-goes-beyond-economics\/.<\/a><\/p>\n Luhn, Alec. 2020. “Freezing Cold War: Militaries Move in as Arctic Ice Retreats.” The Guardian<\/em>, October 16, 2020. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/oct\/16\/arctic-ice-retreats-climate-us-russian-canadian-chinese-military.<\/a><\/p>\n Luxner, Larry. 2021. “How Russia, China, and Climate Change are Shaking up the Arctic.” New Atlanticist<\/em>, March 23, 2021. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/how-russia-china-and-climate-change-are-shaking-up-the-arctic\/.<\/a><\/p>\n Patey, Luke. 2020. Managing US\u2013China Rivalry in the Arctic: Small States Can Be Players in Great Power Competition. <\/em>Danish Institute for International Studies. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep26345.<\/a><\/p>\n Pelaudeix, C\u00e9cile. 2018. Along the Road: China in the Arctic. <\/em>European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep21468.<\/a><\/p>\n Pincus, Rebecca. 2020. “Three-Way Power Dynamics in the Arctic.” Strategic Studies Quarterly<\/em> 14 (1): 40-63. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26891883.<\/a><\/p>\n S\u00f8rensen, Camilla T. N., and Ekaterina Klimenko. 2017. The evolution of China\u2019s Arctic policy since 2010. <\/em>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep24511.7.<\/a><\/p>\n Staalesen, Atle. 2020. “Moscow Signals it Will Make National Security a Priority in Arctic Council.” The Barents Observer<\/em>, October 14, 2020. https:\/\/thebarentsobserver.com\/en\/security\/2020\/10\/moscow-signals-it-will-make-security-situation-priority-arctic-council.<\/a><\/p>\n The State Council Information Office of the People\u2019s Republic of China. 2018. China\u2019s Arctic Policy.<\/em> http:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/archive\/white_paper\/2018\/01\/26\/content_281476026660336.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n Wishnick, Elizabeth. 2017. China\u2019s Interests and Goals in the Arctic: Implications for the United States. <\/em>Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep11274.<\/a><\/p>\n Images<\/strong><\/p>\n Image 1: Xinhua News Agency. 2018. China’s research icebreaker Xuelong arrives at the roadstead off the Zhongshan station in Antarctica<\/em>. In \u201cPentagon warns about China’s increased activity in the Arctic, growing ambition to expand its presence,\u201d ABCNews<\/em>, https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/pentagon-warns-chinas-increased-activity-arctic-growing-ambition\/story?id=62803073<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 2: User. 2019. The Arctic: An Emergent Zone of Great Power Competition.<\/em> Mad Science Laboratory, https:\/\/madsciblog.tradoc.army.mil\/197-the-arctic-an-emergent-zone-of-great-power-competition\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 3: Rosmorport. 2019. \u201cChinese Oil Drillers are Back in Russian Arctic.\u201d The Moscow Times<\/em>. https:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/2019\/07\/04\/chinese-oil-drillers-are-back-in-russian-arctic-a66281<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 4: arctic_blog. 2019. \u201cWhy does NATO strengthen its military presence in the Arctic?\u201d Live Journal. https:\/\/arctic-blog.livejournal.com\/303320.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 5: NATO\/OTAN Logo<\/em>. 2019. In \u201cNATO,\u201d Wikipedia.<\/em> Wikimedia Foundation. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO<\/a>.<\/p>\n Image 6: Gwich\u2019in Council International. n.d. \u201cThe Arctic Council.\u201d https:\/\/gwichincouncil.com\/arctic-council-0<\/a>.<\/p>\n Janis Kluge, Michael Paul, \u201cRussia\u2019s Arctic Strategy through 2035,\u201d Stiftung Wissenschaft and Politik, November 2020, https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/10.18449\/2020C57\/<\/span><\/p>\n Peter B. Danilov, \u201c<\/span>Increasing Norwegian military activity and pulling NATO to the region is a direct route to undermining existing peace, stability and spirit of cooperation,\u201d High North News, June 17, 2020, <\/span>https:\/\/www.highnorthnews.com\/en\/russia-warns-against-pulling-nato-arctic<\/span><\/p>\n Gorodentsev, Anya, “The Not-So Frozen Conflict: Russia\u2019s Ambitions in the Arctic and their Implications for NATO in the Far North” (2019). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 305. https:\/\/scholarworks.uvm.edu\/hcoltheses\/305\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Pezard, Stephanie, Abbie Tingstad, Kristin Van Abel, and Scott R. Stephenson, Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia: Planning for Regional Change in the Far North. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR1731.html. Also available in print form.<\/span><\/p>\n Stephanie Pezard, Abbie Tingstad, Kristin Van Abel, Scott Stephenson, \u201cMaintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia,\u201d Rand.org,\u00a0 2017, https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR1700\/RR1731\/RAND_RR1731.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n Cathyrine T. R. Deja, \u201cNATO\u2019s future role in the Arctic,\u201d United States Air Force, May 2016, https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/1037210.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n Images<\/strong><\/p>\n Image 1: Robbie Gramer, “Here’s What Russia’s Military Build-Up in the Arctic Looks like,” Foreign Policy, January 25, 2017.<\/p>\n Image 2: Michael T. Klare, “A Wold War Could Break Out in the Arctic,” The Nation, February 2, 2020,\u00a0https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/world\/nato-russia-norway\/<\/p>\n Altherr, Sandra, Kate O\u2019connell, Sue Fisher and Sigrid L\u00fcber. 2016. \u201cFrozen in Time.\u201d Accessed April 25, 2021. https:\/\/awionline.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/documents\/AWI-ML-NorwayReport-2016.pdf.<\/p>\n Bailey, Jennifer L. 2008. “Arrested Development: The Fight to End Commercial Whaling as a Case of Failed Norm Change.”\u00a0European Journal of International Relations<\/em>\u00a014 (2): 289-318.<\/p>\n Bailey, Jennifer L. 2009. “Norway, the United States, and Commercial Whaling: Political Culture and Social Movement Framing.”\u00a0The Journal of Environment & Development<\/em>\u00a018 (1): 79-102.<\/p>\n Halverson, Sonja Marta. 2004. “Small State with a Big Tradition: Norway Continues Whaling at the Expense of Integration and Nordic Cooperation.” Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 31 (1): 121.<\/p>\n Huang, Biao, Joshua K. Abbott, Eli P. Fenichel, Rachata Muneepeerakul, Charles Perrings, and Leah R. Gerber. 2017. “Testing the Feasibility of a Hypothetical whaling\u2010conservation Permit Market in Norway.”\u00a0Conservation Biology<\/em>\u00a031 (4): 809-817.<\/p>\n International Whaling Commission. 2019. \u201cTotal Catches.\u201d Accessed April 25, 2021. https:\/\/iwc.int\/total-catches.<\/p>\n Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. 2018. \u201cWhaling.\u201d Last modified December 21, 2018. https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/topics\/food-fisheries-and-agriculture\/fishing-and-aquaculture\/whaling-and-seal-hunting\/whaling\/id2001553\/.<\/p>\n Mulvaney, Kieran. 2020. \u201cCommercial whaling may be over in Iceland.\u201d National Geographic<\/em>, May 1, 2020. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/commercial-whaling-may-be-over-iceland#:~:text=As%20public%20opinion%20changes%20and,will%20not%20hunt%20any%20whales.<\/p>\n Stoett, Peter J. 1997. \u201cCetapolitics: The IWC, Foreign Policies, and NGOs.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>In The International Politics of Whaling<\/em>, 61-102. Vancouver: UBC Press.<\/p>\n Images<\/strong><\/p>\n Image 1: France-Presse, Agence. 2018. \u201cNorway boosts whaling quota despite international opposition.\u201d The Guardian, <\/em>March 7, 2018. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2018\/mar\/07\/norway-boosts-whaling-quota-international-opposition.<\/p>\n Image 2: NAMMCO. n.d. \u201cCommon Minke Whale.\u201d Accessed May 20, 2021. https:\/\/nammco.no\/topics\/common-minke-whale\/.<\/p>\n Image 3: Norwegian Polar Institute. n.d. \u201cCommon Minke Whale.\u201d Accessed May 20, 2021. https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/species\/common-minke-whale\/.<\/p>\n Henley, Jon. 2019. \u201cIceland Accused of Putting Mackerel Stocks at Risk by Increasing Its Catch.\u201d The Guardian. November 21, 2019. <\/span>http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/nov\/21\/iceland-accused-of-putting-mackerel-stocks-at-risk-by-increasing-its-catch.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Poulsen, Regin Winther. 2021. \u201cAn Ever-Moving, Unloved Fish Is Stirring Chaos in the North Atlantic.\u201d <\/span>The Atlantic<\/span><\/i>, February 13, 2021.<\/span> https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2021\/02\/fish-divided-north\/618003\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n Spijkers, Jessica, and Wiebren J. Boonstra. 2017. \u201cEnvironmental Change and Social Conflict: The Northeast Atlantic Mackerel Dispute.\u201d <\/span>Regional Environmental Change<\/span><\/i> 17 (6): 1835\u201351.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-017-1150-4<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission. 2017. \u201cCatch Statistics by Fisheries Jurisdiction – Mackerel.\u201d 2017.<\/span> https:\/\/www.neafc.org\/system\/files\/2017-Final-catch_tables.pdf.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission. 2018. \u201cCatch Statistics by Fisheries Jurisdiction – Mackerel.\u201d 2017.<\/span> https:\/\/www.neafc.org\/system\/files\/2018-Final-Catch-tables_0.pdf.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission. 2019. \u201cCatch Statistics by Fisheries Jurisdiction – Mackerel.\u201d 2018.<\/span> https:\/\/www.neafc.org\/system\/files\/2019%20Final.pdf.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Kelman, Jonathan H.C. 2020. \u201cWhy Climate Change and State Subsidies Will Collide to Create Fishery Conflict.\u201d <\/span>Journal of Strategic Security<\/span><\/i> 13 (4): 96\u2013108.<\/span><\/p>\n Jeffers, Jennifer. 2010. \u201cClimate Change and the Arctic: Adapting to Changes in Fisheries Stocks and Governance Regimes.\u201d <\/span>Ecology Law Quarterly<\/span><\/i> 37 (3): 917\u201377.<\/span><\/p>\n Images:<\/strong><\/p>\n Image 1: (Henley 2019) https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/nov\/21\/iceland-accused-of-putting-mackerel-stocks-at-risk-by-increasing-its-catch<\/span><\/p>\n Image 2: (Spijkers, Boonstra 2017) http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10113-017-1150-4<\/span><\/p>\n Image 3: (Blower 2020) https:\/\/pbs.twimg.com\/media\/EokouF8XEAAhnXt.jpg<\/span><\/p>\n Logos designed by Rory Devlin<\/p>\n Header Image: Discovering the Arctic. n.d. “Arctic Governance.” Accessed May 20, 2021. https:\/\/discoveringthearctic.org.uk\/media\/arctic-governance\/page\/2\/ Home Page: Image: Wofratz. 2001. Russian nuclear icebreaker Yamal en route to the North Pole, 2001. In \u201cIcebreaker,\u201d Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Icebreaker. Challenges in the Arctic – Kyle Moeller, Rory Devlin, Ryan Kovarovics Hough, Peter. 2013. \u201cThe International Political Wilderness,\u201d In … Continue reading Acknowledgements and Works Cited<\/span> Challenges in the Arctic – Kyle Moeller, Rory Devlin, Ryan Kovarovics<\/strong><\/h3>\n
China and Militarization in the Arctic – Ryan Kovarovics<\/h3>\n
Conflict in the Arctic – Cillian McDonagh<\/h3>\n
Non-indigenous whaling – Rory Devlin<\/h3>\n
N. Atlantic mackerel – Kyle Moeller<\/h3>\n
How to get involved – Cillian McDonagh, Ryan Kovarovics, Kyle Moeller, Rory Devlin<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Policy Solutions – <\/strong>Cillian McDonagh, Ryan Kovarovics, Kyle Moeller, Rory Devlin<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Learn more – Cillian McDonagh, Ryan Kovarovics, Kyle Moeller, Rory Devlin<\/strong><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"