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Citation List
“A Brief Cultural History of Sex.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 22 Oct. 2011, www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/culture-of-love/brief-cultural-history-sex-938527.html.
Adams, Sarah LaChance, and Caroline R. Lundquist, eds. Coming to Life: Philosophies of Pregnancy, Childbirth and Mothering. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013. Accessed December 17, 2020. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1c5ck2p.
Artner, Alan. “Under Paris Skies.” Chicago Tribune. February 21, 1997, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-02-21-9702210379-story.html.
Artspace. “Cindy Sherman: Pregnant Woman, 2002.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.artspace.com/cindy_sherman/pregnant-woman.
Artsy. “Cindy Sherman” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.artsy.net/artwork/cindy-sherman-untitled-pregnant
Art21, Nancy Spero: Collaboration | Art21 “Extended Play,” 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gv1zK9cSStY&t=122s.
“Awol Erizku.” artnet. Accessed December 18, 2020. http://www.artnet.com/artists/awol-erizku/.
Cascone, Sarah. “Beyoncé’s Pregnancy Photo Is the Work of Artist Awol Erizku.” artnet News, February 3, 2017. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/beyonce-pregnancy-photo-awol-erizku-843713.
Bowdoin College Museum of Art. “Collections: Cindy Sherman.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/13573
Caviar 20. “Cindy Sherman ‘Pregnant Woman’, 2002.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.caviar20.com/products/cindy-sherman-untitled-pregnant-woman-2002
Charlotte Jansen. “Why There Are so Few Paintings of Pregnant Women.” Artsy, 29 Jan. 2020, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-pregnant-women-art-history.
Colapinto, Joseph, “Paula Modersohn-Becker: Modern Painting’s Missing Piece | The New Yorker,” accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/paula-modersohn-becker-modern-paintinGs-missing-piece.
Cork, Richard. “Pearly Queen.” Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/marcus-gheeraerts-ii-206/pearly-queen.
“Demi Moore | 100 Photographs | The Most Influential Images of All Time.” Time. Time. Accessed December 18, 2020. http://100photos.time.com/photos/annie-leibovitz-demi-moore.
Ferris, Alison. Anne Harris’s Phantasmagorical Self-Portraits. Mar. 2013, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/51e5921ee4b0c6df9a7cb5df/t/52433f38e4b0d40872bf98b5/1380138808206/Anne+Harris%E2%80%99s+Phantasmagorical+Self.pdf.
Figes, Lydia. “More Stories.” Portraying Pregnancy: from Prehistoric Art to Jacobean Portraiture | Art UK, 29 Jan. 2020, https://artuk.org/discover/stories/portraying-pregnancy-from-prehistoric-art-to-jacobean-portraiture.
Feigel, Lara. “Great Expectations: Art’s Struggle to Depict Pregnancy.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 31 Jan. 2020, www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jan/31/great-expectations-arts-struggle-to-depict-pregnancy.
Finocchio, Ross. “Mannerism: Bronzino (1503–1572) and His Contemporaries.” Metmuseum.org, Oct. 2003, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/zino/hd_zino.html.
Gagosian Museum. “Titus Kaphar: From a Tropical Space.” October 5, 2020. https://gagosian.com/exhibitions/2020/titus-kaphar-from-a-tropical-space/
Grimes, William. “Louis Stettner, Who Photographed the Everyday New York and Paris, Dies at 93.” The New York Times. October 14, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/arts/design/louis-stettner-dead.html
Handley, Lucy. “The Vanity Fair Photo of a Pregnant, Naked Demi Moore Was Never Meant to Appear in Public.” CNBC. CNBC, May 9, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/09/demi-moore-naked-vanity-fair-cover-was-not-meant-to-be-seen-in-public.html.
Harke, “A T E L I E R L O G: Nancy Spero #3,” A T E L I E R L O G (blog), zaterdag, maart 2014, http://atelierlog.blogspot.com/2014/03/nancy-spero-3.html.
HBC Global Art Collection. “Untitled (Pregnant Woman).” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://hbcglobalartcollection.com/collection/cindy-sherman-untitled-pregnant
Hearn, Karen. “’Portrait of a Woman in Red’, Marcus Gheeraerts II, 1620.” Tate, Mar. 2001, www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gheeraerts-portrait-of-a-woman-in-red-t03456.
Heyman, K. (n.d.). About Ken Heyman. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.kenheyman.com/about
Hybenová, K. (2011, November 17). How Baby X Was Born. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://hyperallergic.com/40295/how-baby-x-was-born/
“Il Bronzino: Italian Painter and Poet.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 Nov. 2020, www.britannica.com/biography/Il-Bronzino.
Judd, Terri. “Veil Suggests Mona Lisa Model Was Pregnant.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 22 Sept. 2011, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/veil-suggests-mona-lisa-model-was-pregnant-417821.html.
Kaphar Studio. “From a Tropical Space.” Accessed November 3, 2020. https://kapharstudio.com/from-a-tropical-space/
Kaphar, Titus. “I Cannot Sell you This Painting.” Time. June 4, 2020. https://time.com/5847487/george-floyd-time-cover-titus-kaphar/.
Katz, Brigit. “The Evolution of Pregnancy Portraits, From Tudor England to Beyoncé.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 21 Jan. 2020, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/exhibition-spotlights-500-years-pregnancy-portraits-180974021/.
Kearns, Martha, “First of Her Genre – Paula Modersohn-Becker,” Artblog, December 19, 2016, https://www.theartblog.org/2016/12/first-of-her-genre-paula-modersohn-becker/.
Keelin Howe, “Pregnancy & Childbirth in Ancient Greece,” Women in Antiquity (blog), March 31, 2017, https://womeninantiquity.wordpress.com/2017/03/31/pregnancy-and-childbirth/.
Knox, Richard. “Babies Take Longer To Come Out Than They Did in Grandma’s Day.” NPR. March 31, 2012. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/03/30/149718838/babies-take-longer-to-come-out-than-they-did-in-grandmas-day.
Kotak, M. (n.d.). The Birth of Baby X. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from http://www.marnikotak.com/works-birth-of-baby-x.
“Larry Clark.” artnet. Accessed December 18, 2020. http://www.artnet.com/artists/larry-clark/ (accessed August 27 2020).
“Larry Clark.” Elizabeth Houston Gallery, June 19, 2020. http://www.elizabethhoustongallery.com/project/larry-clark/.
“Larry Clark.” International Center of Photography, September 30, 2019. https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/larry-clark?all%2Fall%2Fall%2Fall%2F0.
Liew, Jessica. “Venus Figurine.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 16 Dec. 2020, www.ancient.eu/Venus_Figurine/.
Live Well. “Fascinating Pregnancy, Birth, & Newborn Facts.” Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.unitypoint.org/livewell/article.aspx?id=79be7938-b150-4358-9062-e53127f8f831
Louis Stettner Estate. “Biography.” Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.louisstettner.com/biography
“Madonna: Religious Art.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Madonna-religious-art.
Matthews, Sandra, and Laura Wexler. Pregnant Pictures. New York, NY: Routledge, 2000.
“Marcus Gheeraerts II: Elizabethan Artist – Exhibition at Tate Britain.” Tate, 2002, www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/marcus-gheeraerts-ii-elizabethan-artist.
Man, Olju. “Titus Kaphar: The Artist Behind TIME’s George Floyd Cover.” Medium. June 10, 2020 https://medium.com/art-direct/titus-kaphar-the-artist-behind-times-george-floyd-cover-583d2559be22#:~:text=Titus%20Kaphar’s%20painting%2C%20titled%20Analogous,the%20contour%20of%20her%20loss
“Mary I’s Phantom Pregnancy.” HistoryExtra, 26 Nov. 2020, www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/mary-is-phantom-pregnancy/.
Meehan, Ciara. “Sarah Siddons and the Performance of Pregnancy.” Perceptions of Pregnancy, 17 Aug. 2014, https://perceptionsofpregnancy.com/2014/08/11/sarah-siddons-and-the-performance-of-pregnancy/.
McQuaid, Cate. “Political Landscapes, Personal Details at Ars Libri – The Boston Globe.” BostonGlobe.com, The Boston Globe, 22 Apr. 2014, www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theaterart/2014/04/22/political-landscapes-personal-details/utYpiYBmMEHHqbIT7hhPhN/story.html.
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O’Hagan, Sean. “Larry Clark’s Photographs: ‘Once the Needle Goes in, It Never Comes out’.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, June 5, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/05/larry-clark-tulsa-teenage-lust-photography-controversy.
“Portraying Pregnancy: From Holbein to Social Media.” Foundling Museum, 23 Nov. 2020, https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/events/portraying-pregnancy/?gclid=CjwKCAiAgqDxBRBTEiwA59eEN8BuxZKUKZ0C5Ur7ewaMcBDrnfz8q1otkR9YytTFWiC7oYx7Atsp-hoCRfsQAvD_BwE.
Sherwin, Skye. “Awol Erizku’s Beyoncé Pregnant: a Pop Madonna.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, January 17, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jan/17/awol-erizkus-beyonce-pregnant-a-pop-madonna.
Smith, Roberta. “Parenting While Black: Titus Kaphar’s Starkly Powerful Works.” New York Times. October 16, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/arts/design/titus-kaphar-gagosian-show.html.
Seed, John. “Phantasmatical Self-Portraits.” HuffPost, HuffPost, 7 Dec. 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/anne-harris-new-paintings_b_2985056?guccounter=1.
Sevcik, John. Bewildered: the Paintings of Anne Harris, 1 Jan. 1970, http://viewfromthestudio.blogspot.com/2014/01/bewildered-morning-after-paintings-of.html.
The Broad Museum. “Cindy Sherman.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.thebroad.org/art/cindy-sherman?page=4
The Huffington Post. “Woman in Labour for 75 Days: Stayed Upside Down in Bed For Months.” March 19, 2012. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/03/08/woman-in-labour-for-75-days_n_1331865.html
The Phillips Collection. “Cindy Sherman: Untitled (Pregnant Woman).” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.phillips.com/detail/cindy-sherman/NY030119/304
Time. “Medicine: Prodigious Pregnancy.” March 5, 1945. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797153,00.html
Times Staff, “Nancy Spero Dies at 83; Pioneering Feminist Artist,” Los Angeles Times, November 6, 2009, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-me-nancy-spero6-2009nov06-story.html.
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Image URLs
Analogous Colors and From a Tropical Space exhibition pieces by Titus Kaphar: https://gagosian.com/exhibitions/2020/titus-kaphar-from-a-tropical-space/
Analogous Colors as seen on the cover of time: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/titus-kaphar-time-magazine-george-floyd-1878975
Beyoncé and Twins by Awol Erizku: https://www.instagram.com/p/BP-rXUGBPJa/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
Beyoncé with halo by Awol Erizku: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/beyonce-pregnancy-photo-awol-erizku-843713
Beyoncé with Rumi and Sir Carter by Awol Erizku: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/beyonce-pregnancy-photo-awol-erizku-843713
Birth of Venus by Botticelli: https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/birth-of-venus
Birth of Baby X: https://microscopegallery.com/marni-kotak-birt-baby-x/
Blue Nude: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nude_(Souvenir_de_Biskra)
Blue Nude II: https://www.moma.org/audio/playlist/6/316
Britney Spears on the cover of Harper’s Bazaar magazine: https://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/Pregnant-Spears-poses-nude-for-Harper-s-Bazaar-1895210.php
Demi Moore (Pregnant with Second Child) by Annie Leibovitz: http://100photos.time.com/photos/annie-leibovitz-demi-moore
Diana and Callisto: http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/129865.
Emma Roberts on the cover of Cosmopolitan magazine: https://www.news24.com/parent/pregnant/pregnancy_journey/in-pics-emma-roberts-stuns-as-first-ever-pregnant-cosmo-cover-girl-20201112
Girl With Child: https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/collection/girl-child
Give Back the Birth to the Mother by Ken Heyman: Shared by Bowdoin College Museum of Art
Halle Berry on the cover of InStyle magazine: https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/pregnant-stars-on-magazine-covers/Halle-Berry/articleshow/22713153.cms
Ingrid Silva on the cover of Vogue Brasil: http://www.ingridsilvaballet.com/news
Jessica Alba on the cover of Latina magazine: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/326088829241076040/
Kerri Walsh Jennings on the cover of ESPN magazine: https://www.eonline.com/news/437518/kerri-walsh-jennings-gets-naked-in-pregnant-and-post-baby-pics-for-espn-s-body-issue
Ken Heyman photographs: https://www.kenheyman.com/index
La Toilette: https://fineartamerica.com/featured/1-la-toilette-henri-gervex.html
Les Demoiselles D’Avignon: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79766
Madonna del Parto: https://m.visittuscany.com/en/attractions/museum-of-the-madonna-del-parto-monterchi/
Maternity photo with painted belly by Karina Kotupeck: https://bykarina.com/gallery-pregnant-belly-painting-artist.html
Maternity photo in bath by @Lexieloveesyouu: https://www.instagram.com/p/BsBx1xKBLZV/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
Minimalist Roman healing votive: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ex-voto_gallo-romain_Halatte_070908_05.jpg
Mother and Child Reclining: https://bremen.museum-digital.de/index.php?t=objekt&oges=108
Nia Long on the cover of Ebony magazine: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pregnant-magazine-cover-photos_n_1010889
Portrait of an Unknown Lady: www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/marcus-gheeraerts-ii-206/pearly-queen.
Portrait of a Woman in Red: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gheeraerts-portrait-of-a-woman-in-red-t03456
Pottery figure from ancient Mexico: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_in_art#/media/File:Cultures_pr%C3%A9colombiennes_MRAH_Nayarit_Femme_accouchant_01_10_2011_1.jpg
Self Portrait: https://arthistoryproject.com/artists/paula-modersohn-becker/self-portrait-1906/
Serena Williams on the cover of Vanity Fair magazine: https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/06/serena-williams-cover-story
The Toilette of Venus: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435739
Torture of Women: http://magazine.art21.org/2010/04/16/nancy-speros-torture-of-women/#.X9xQv1NKhp8
To The Revolution XI: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/64250?artist_id=5564&page=1&sov_referrer=artist
Two Tahitian Women: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436446
Votive pregnant female, Roman, 200 BCE-200 CE: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co84669/votive-pregnant-female-roman-200-bce-200-ce-votive-offering