Author Archives: Jacob Baltaytis

How Far Russian Art Has Come

When perusing over the attached art for our final session, I was really struck by how Russian High Art, and paintings, in particular, have come full circle. At first, this art was reserved for the express purpose of depicting religion but gradually evolved to encapsulate the nobility, and finally, the commoner.

The move from early to middle-Soviet Socialist Realism to Komar and Melamid’s ‘Nostalgic Socialist Realism’ was almost relieving. Whereas previous Socialist Realist paintings tried to prop up the status of former leaders like Stalin and Lenin, these two artist’s works do so more blatantly to the point of parody, as mentioned in the background to their paintings. For instance, “The Origins of Socialist Realism” (1982-83) and “Double Portrait as Young Pioneers” (1982-83), depict Stalin in such a glorified way that it questions his authority. In the latter of the two paintings, Stalin’s bust is in the top right corner of the frame on an elevated surface while two pioneers are saluting him below. Importantly, these men are lower than him, implying Stalin’s significance, and the only source of light in the painting points radially outward from his face, furthering this point. “The Origins of Socialist Realism” (1982-83) is substantially more comical in its insanity and something, I believe, would not have gotten passed the censors.

On a more serious note, an element I noticed in “Nostalgic View of the Kremlin from Manhattan” and “Lenin Hails a Cab”, and a recurring theme in many works of Soviet emigrants is their longing for the birthland. The conflation of aspects that should belong to either the US or the USSR into one image emphasizes this, and the keyhole through which you can see the Kremlin—as if the two are looking from afar—brings home this message.

Anna’s Interviews

What I found most interesting and appealing about the movie “Anna”, and what I believe is the central premise of the entire film, is the transition of the narrator’s daughter’s beliefs over time and in the context within the events taking place around her, and more broadly, the Soviet Union. The yearly interviews begin with a naïve six-year-old girl answering four seemingly trivial questions. The answers they elicit are much less simple. In fact, they tell a much more important story.

Initially, the young six-year-old is most fearful of witches and hates borsch the most. This is certainly most in-line with what we, in the United States, would think a six-year-old thinks: fearing fictitious creatures, hating our mother’s favorite dish, etc. Interestingly, she is admitted into school two years later and her outlook drastically changes, she is overtly indoctrinated by the Soviet public education system. No longer is she fearful of these childhood demons, no longer does she hate mom’s favorite dishes. Instead, Anna now wants a leader approved by all and by the mere age of nine, Anna knows all the central tenants and doctrines of Stalin’s socialism. The transformation is both shocking and eye-opening: this is the influence propaganda and authoritarianism has on youth.

After outgrowing the brainwashing, admitting it herself, Anna matures and begins to think about what ordinary people might think others ponder. She is most fearful of losing the world close to her, and even when asked where she would choose to live, responds where she grew up. All in all, her documented upbringing sheds light on the grip the Soviet Authoritarians had on the youth of their country, and the love for their country that generations of Soviet children had and continue to have.

Evolution of Soviet Propaganda

When scanning through the Soviet propaganda posters presented, along with the short introductory prefaces provided, I was particularly shocked by how much the nature of these posters change with time, molding around the events taking place in and around Russia contemporaneously.

With Lenin, the posters are certainly anti-capitalist and supportive of the proletariat. The one that caught my attention was the worker with the washcloth. The text “После Работы, иди в Баню” is very in tune to the working man. Not only is the Russian Баня an incredibly important cornerstone in Russian society, a place to go after a hard day’s work and typically where many people went to clean themselves, the striking informality of “иди” vs “идите” is noteworthy (The suffix is used for both formality and plurality). Overall, the poster is both informal and appeals to the working man.

The shift towards collectivism is very palpable under Stalinist propaganda. The poster I believe signifies this most is Korestky’s “No to Fascism”. Aside from the obvious rally behind rejecting Fascism, I was struck by what is written in the red behind the woman. The text translates to “World, Friendship, Solidarity”, calling to a blanket and total societal rejection of the doctrine of fascism. “Solidarity” is then translated into several other languages, including English. This marks an important shift to a collectivist and global push back of fascism; the red it is imprinted on nudges the viewer in favor of socialism or communism, one of many alternatives to the fascism it is rejecting.

Capitulating, the favoring of the proletariat is slowly diluted under Stalin for a more united Soviet Union. This is undoubtedly a propagandic offensive against the rising ideologic differences with Germany and Italy paired with calls for unity during a time of war.

My First Goose: Initiated but Unchanged

Isaac Babel’s My First Goose is a very interesting short story highlighting the acceptance of a new propaganda officer into a Cossack regiment. When the narrator arrives, he is struck by Commander Savitsky’s size. While the commander gives the narrator a hard time, making fun of his glasses and calling him a ‘mama’s boy’, the majority of the harassment he receives comes from his peers—those in the sixth division of equal rank to the narrator. When reading Pravda, Lenin’s announcements for the day, he becomes too distracted and commands an old, blind woman to make him food. She voices her discontent with the Cossacks, saying all of this makes her want to kill herself. He shouts an expletive at her. Then, he accidentally kills a goose on the street in a very gory fashion, shouting another expletive at the now brainless and dead goose.

Interestingly, this causes the narrator’s peers to stop messing with him, one claiming that he will “fit in with us”. They even sleep together. Thus, an overreaction, a byproduct of the narrator’s rage, wins the Cossacks over. Judging by his awe of the Commander’s size in the beginning and distractedness in reading Lenin, one would think the narrator would be content with this new acceptance. However, the last line of the story is very important in proving the contrary. While the narrator, “saw women in my dreams”, a superficial ‘win’ for him, like the killing of the goose, “my heart, bloodstained from the killing, whined and dripped misery”, alluding to more structural discontent and shamefulness.

Akhmatova: Palpably Simple(r) yet Personable

After reading the selected poets for Wednesday’s class, I was particularly drawn to Akhmatova because of how effectively she communicates her messages. Her poems are much easier to read and flow nicely, especially when compared to the other poets. For example, “I taught myself to live simply” was a poem that particularly struck me because of the time we are living in now. Her personification of worries in the first stanza emphasizes her active role in living more simply; needing to walk every night to tire them out is a powerful way to describe this coping mechanism. Her description of what I presume to be autumn in the second stanza is also very moving. The rustling of burdocks and the yellow-red rowanberry cluster is a beautiful description of the setting in which she writes. However, to Akhmatova, this is about life’s decay and beauty, not her immediate surroundings. She finishes the poem with a powerful line about hearing birds land on her roof occasionally, claiming besides that, it is so quiet she would not hear a knock on her door. The way she writes makes it clear how she taught herself to live simply.

“Sleeplessness” continues the trend of inviting the reader to resonate with her. The first stanza describes the onset of this, as she “catch the distant sound of footsteps. Your words lullaby me well, they haven’t let me sleep for three months!” The slow approach of the trouble with sleeping, personifying it, gives the reader something to relate to. When she exclaims, “You’re with me, with me again sleeplessness!”, it almost portrays the frustration with the inability to sleep. She knows its motionless face, that of an individual lying still in bed but not able to start dreaming. The stream of consciousness she presents makes this poem, like many of her other works, very relatable. Akhmatova’s simple word choice but intense image formation, through various literary techniques, gives readers of her poems a way to relate in a capacity that other poets cannot.

Kustodiev: The Artist’s Wife vs. The Merchant’s Wife

When browsing through the selected painter and artists, I was particularly struck by Kustodiev and his story. Aside from overcoming the debilitating tuberculosis and remaining mentally optimistic, his paintings captivated me because of their busy nature and distinctness. Interestingly, Kustodiev painted both an artist’s and a merchant’s wife, but the divergence of expression for a seemingly identical subject was, for me, noteworthy. Firstly, I was struck by the difference in pallet of the two paintings. The artist’s wife sits in a darker frame with some flora behind her. She is wearing a dark gown, but both the dress and the setting around her have some accents of lighter colors. There appears to be some smudging of paint, especially in the background, but more deliberate brush strokes are also visible in the linear parts of the illustration (the railings, dog’s limbs, and table cover).

The picture of the merchant’s wife is very antithetical to the artist’s. The setting is much more ornate: her dress is more sophisticated; the bowl and chalices being used are very elaborate; the food she is eating is clearly expensive, and the background is much more active. Additionally, she is not making eye contact with the viewer while the artist’s wife was.

The striking distinctions between the portraits of the wives must indicate how Kustodiev feels about the two classes. The artist’s wife, and by extension the artist, is much more pensive and introspective. Despite the dog looking at her, she maintains visual contact with the viewer. She is lightly smirking, but the mundane around her elicit a sense of relaxation and thought in her. The merchant’s wife, on the other hand, is looking off to the side. She is clearly much more captivated by what is going around her—the delicious food, pretty background, and happy cat have her attention. Her demeanor and way of holding the item in her hand illustrate her bliss and almost carefreeness, juxtaposing the pensive and thoughtful artist’s wife. I do not think he is criticizing either, but Kustodiev is definitely drawing a distinction.

Appearance vs. Reality and Pierrot’s Disappointment in “A Puppet Show”

The beginning of Blok’s A Puppet Show lays the foundation for Pierrot’s romanticism of Columbine, his supposed bride. The three mystics contribute to this dramatization, their back and forth dialogue of one-liners gives the reader, and more so the in-person viewer of the play, a sense of suspense before her ultimate appearance. The author’s interjections provide a brief sense of relief for the reader, but interestingly, these breaks are significantly shorter than build-up by the three mystics and Pierrot. While this gives us a sense of a break, its brief nature does not allow us to fully reset. Finally, the mystics proclaim Columbine arrives and Pierrot leads her to the center of the stage. The Chairman warns Pierrot that death has arrived, but Pierrot scoffs at the advice, minimizing the concern as fantasy. Even the author is in agreement, exclaiming that likening her braids to a scythe is defamation. Pierrot ironically says that he is either “an unfortunate madman”, or that he is “misunderstood”. It turns out he was in fact unfortunate, and the youthful Harlequin steals Columbine from him; Pierrot results to sulking.

What made the build-up to this climax significant was its avoidable nature. Pierrot was blinded by the prospect of uniting with Columbine, so infatuated with the idea of her that he refused to listen to others. He was self-aware of his controversial position, noting he was “alone” in his opinion. However, as everyone around him warned the hopeless romantic, he let his appearance distort the true reality.

Distinct but Related Themes: Humanity and the Result of Retribution

Two reinforcing themes I noticed in Prisoner of the Mountains were the importance of humanity, emphasized during times of fighting, and the consequences of a senseless retribution culture. Recognizing the sanctity of all human life, whether that life be a friend or foe, is exhibited by all characters to various extents. Saying everyone values their friends is a trivial statement of fact as mutual appreciation is a widely accepted prerequisite for friendship. However, the characters in the film portrayed as “good” are able to overcome their own prejudices to kindly engage with human beings others refuse to. Some more apparent examples of such characters are Vanya and Dima with their love surviving the hatred on both sides. Even Abul, who initially was only interested in preserving the POWs’ lives for negotiating power in his son’s release, ultimately decides to spare Vanya despite the news his son had died. This was an incredibly intense and powerful moment as Abul exercises mercy while mourning his son’s death.

Another theme I took away from the film was the futility of retribution for retribution’s sake. When the prisoners were brought into enemy lines, they were exposed to a different, perhaps uncomfortable perspective. Destruction at home is one thing, but seeing the fruit of your own labor and the hatred it has groomed is more troublesome—they are nearly shot because of it. The tongue-less and later murdered Hasan, slain son of Abdul, and final bombing of the village all evoke the question: is the only end to knee-jerk vengeance the extinction of an entire side?

Only those who subscribe to the belief that human life is intrinsically valuable will see a sensible resolution, and that is how the themes relate. Others, like Sacha, are heartless and predisposed to answer affirmatively, succumbing to their own biases.

Briullov and the Use of Light

Briullov’s paintings use a variety of elements to inform the viewer what he deems is most important, and the context for these things. For example, the use of light in the Last Day of Pompeii draws attention to the suffering people, who are uncertain of their fate and the causes of their plight. It forces the viewer to empathize with them, lying or pictured in abject fear, all while being surrounded by darkness and the soot-filled air. The contrast between dark and light shows the wreckage surrounding the survivors and highlights how mortified they are.

The use of light is a huge theme in many of the other works shown on the website. In The Siege of Pskov, the Polish clergy glows very brightly, the intensity weakening as the eye strays further from them. Glancing to the right, the fighting among the soldiers darkens the painting. I am sure this can be interpreted in many ways, but the light can serve to glamorize the Orthodox priests and the darkness to condemn the fighting. The faces of the painting also make you feel immersed: the women and onlookers seem horrified, the soldiers angry and full of rage, and the clergy determined to Christianize the newly acquired land.

Facial expression is another commonly employed element in these pieces of art. In Italian Midday, the woman on the ladder seems very happy to be picking the grape; her soft glare on to the fruit, smile and relaxed posture indicate she is enjoying what she is doing. Light, again, is another aspect of the painting as it peers through the canopy and on to her and the fruit. The grapes shine in the light, and the woman’s face is irradiated now by both light and joy.

Moscow and Petersburg: Another Dichotomy

Herzen quickly characterizes the dichotomy between Moscow and St. Petersburg through their residents, the habitants’ ways of life and the general feel of the city. However, after reading A Guide to a Renamed City by Joseph Brodsky, its blatantly obvious Herzen missed yet another dichotomy: globalization pit against xenophobia.

Brodsky is awfully critical of St. Petersburg in his account, but he does concede that the city is uncharacteristically welcoming of foreigners, relative to the rest of the country. This follows from Peter’s original mandate for the city, “[he] wanted a gate, and he wanted it ajar” (pp. 72). In other words, he did not want to simply emulate the West; rather, he wanted a portal to access it. Brodsky classifies Petersburg as, “an international city, with large French, German, Dutch and English colonies” (pp. 82). Additionally, he includes what Pushkin had prophesied, “‘All flags will come to us as guests!’” (pp. 82). Thus, instead of simply being a medium through which the West and Russia could interact, Petersburg was designed to foster globalization.

Moscow, according to Herzen, is more traditional and spiritual. This is echoed in Brodsky’s account, who acknowledges the existence of, “traditional Russian xenophobia” (pp. 83). Implicitly, he is stating that Russian traditionalism and xenophobia are intrinsically intertwined. This inference becomes more explicit when Brodsky recounts the reinstatement of Moscow as the capital under Lenin, “as the country, with its capital returned to Moscow, retreated to its womblike, claustrophobic, and xenophobic condition” (pp. 88). Brodsky clearly states his association of traditionalism and xenophobia with Moscow, noting the country profoundly regresses under this change. However, he also gives Lenin credit for, “sparing St. Petersburg both ignoble membership in the global village…” (pp. 85). Hypocritically, he praises Lenin’s capital move for its isolationism while calling traditional Russians xenophobes several times in the text.

Intentionally overlooking the hypocrisy, it is clear Brodsky paints another dichotomy between the two largest Russian cities: future globalization and traditional xenophobia.