U-Th dating of carbonate precipitates allows for precise dating of Iberian red-paint cave art thought to be from modern humans.

With U-Th dating, art at La Pasiega/Maltravieso/Ardales sites were determined to be 64.8 KYA or older: the findings were deemed consistent.

Red-paint markings required light-source and premeditated thought, and were meaningful symbols of early behavioral modernity.