About forty-five people, half by themselves (working, reading), half with people (groups of 2-4)
Roughly an even split of genders
Activities seen: date, date, reading comics, on laptop, reading, reading, discussion/ hangout, on laptop, on laptop, date, on laptop, date, on laptop, three people at bar, listening to music, on phone, reading, talking, two kids playing
Big family just walked in
Pretty constant line of about 3-8 people
All ages (except maybe middle school, high school, college student)
About 70% occupancy but almost all tables have at least one person
Pretty constant flow of people, a “group” every five minutes?
Relatively lively
There’s a photographer
Casual place, most people in jeans and sweaters, no professionals
Not too many passerbys on street probably because of weather
3:00
About fifty people, about ten solos, a few families with small children, mostly groups of two
Smells like coffee
Street view is by waterfront but blocked off by construction
There was a coffee spill
Line is still consistently 3-8 people
More flow of people, a group every 3 or 4 minutes
Smells like sweet coffee
Man biked by with Roman soldier helmet
Lots of conversations
Almost everyone is getting drinks and sometimes something else
A lot of people just hanging
3:30
About forty people
Most people just get drinks but families get food for the kids
There aren’t a lot of food options
People by themselves have not really left but families with kids have high turnover rate
Horse drawn trolley just rolled by
They shout out orders
Line is averaging less people (maybe3-5?)
Less people at bar but most tables still have at least one person
4:00
About thirty-five people, almost no non-white
Line is averaging 0-3 (no one there now)
Family with three kids came in but left after getting food
Net negative flow of people
Fewer conversation, most people by themselves and doing work
About a quarter of tables are free
Started raining/heavier drizzle around 4:20 and temperature is getting chillier
4:30
About thirty people
Almost no non-white people still
Line staying relatively short
Quieter most people are just reading or on laptop
About a third of the tables are unoccupied
Pretty much same as last block but slightly smaller
About twenty-five people as I was leaving and the remaining people didn’t look like they were staying too much longer
My maps were mostly taken from people around Munjoy Hill. It was therefore unsurprising that the mental maps I collected focused on East Bayside and Old Port. One person even mentioned that she was only drawing “her part of Portland.” The West End was not labeled on any of the maps and the maps had very few landmarks from the West End area labeled. It seemed that most of the landmarks were nondescript shops and locations and there was not too much overlap between landmarks. The younger generation seemed to label more places and seemed more aware of the entirety of Portland.
Having talked with a few residents, I still think that Portland needs to prioritize working on its public transportation system. Many residents at least mentioned that it was difficult to commute around the city and that even with a car it is difficult to find parking. Although I was hesitant about increasing bike accessibility or a bike share system given the long winter in Portland, residents seemed to want more bike lanes and for Portland to be a more bike-friendly city. Therefore, I think bicycle lanes and bicycle racks would be a good way to encourage more bicycles in the city, especially for the younger age group that seems to be moving into the city. Additionally, the public bus system should be updated and integrated into the city so that the residents and commuters find it to be a more accessible and reliable form of transportation.
My transect walk focused on the way residents used their space. That is to say, what the street life was like and how people seemed to interact with their surroundings. I think the weakness of this topic is that it is completely dependent upon time of day. That is to say, when I walked was a confounding variable. Instead of examining different spaces, I saw a few locations in totally different circumstances. I started the transect walk at around 5pm on a saturday night and by the end, I was walking through a residential neighbourhood where it makes sense that there would not be any kind of substantial nightlife at 7pm.
So I started my walk at Monument Square Park in Old Port. Just as it was when we went on our class walk around Portland, the area was busy. It was saturday afternoon and it was still fairly warm so dozens of people were out and about. A few people were in the restaurants in the area, but by and large people seemed to be moving from place to place and not stopping in this part of the city.
From there I walked walked down Congress St. towards the southwest. Almost everyone I passed was moving. In this more built up part of the city, almost no one was standing and talking to people. They just kept moving from place to place. There were groups. None were stationary. Couples and small packs of people slid past one another without connecting or taking much time to notice one another. The most surprising thing to me was that no one seemed to enter the buildings on either side. I am not sure if they were tourists or if they simply hailed from another part of the city within walking distance.
As I moved away from the densest part of the city I went North slightly to get into a more residential neighborhood that Google Earth calls Parkside. Here there were fewer people on the street who moved less. Unlike the people in the shopping neighborhood to the South, the people here mostly would stand around on the corner. There were also more dogs.
As I approached Cumberland Ave, I realized that I was headed too far North to reach my eventual destination of the West End so I resumed my Southwesterly course. The environment remained much the same. Over time, it became clear I was entering a richer part of the city. Houses became larger, Yards too became larger. Really, they started to exist. I was surprised to find that as the buildings became more spread out and there was more green space, I saw fewer people. This remained true until I got to the Western Promenade. It had a number of walkers and even a few people rollerblading in it.
I returned back towards the Old Port Area along Bowdoin St and finally took Spring St all the way in to town. The walk back I noticed the same trends I saw on the way out. A zone of empty, then a zone of people mostly standing around though not nearly as large of one and finally people bustling about on some business.
On top of this, I did the walk in Mid-October so I do not think this experience will hold for other times of the year. Summer would have more tourists. Winter would have many fewer people. Professor Gieseking said that this should be a snapshot, and I think that I did that. It is a moment in time, but I do not know if this moment in time can be used to extrapolate anything about the city as a whole. Events were random and the sample size small.
I have a map with the locations marked where I went. I am working on posting it.
My transect walk focused on new building construction and broken down buildings in the East End. Though most houses were quanit and in relatively good shape on Congress street and along the smaller, more suburban streets, there were several very dilapidated houses along Washington street. Some buildings just needed a new paint job but others such as 31 Washington street (see photo) were completely boarded up. The new constructions included 118 Munjoy Hill apartment high-rise, 77 Walnut apartment complex, and near 165 Sheridian street (back visible from Washington street). None of the new constructions appeared to be affordable housing, but were instead luxury living options.
These data suggest the influence of gentrification and the catering of Portland to new, higher-class residents. The juxtaposition of boarded up houses across the street from the construction of a fancy new apartment high-rise emphasized the lack of liveable housing opportunities for the lower class. Newly opened cafés and pottery shops in these areas suggest increasing price of living in these areas. These observations suggest that citizens with lower incomes are being pushed out of these “up-and-coming” neighborhoods. City-wide regulations protecting affordable housing and limiting the negative consequences of gentrification are clearly crucial in the future development of Portland, though how to do this most effectively remains in question.
For my group’s transect walk, we decided to follow Bus Route 1 in the East End to get a better sense of the public bus system in practice. Starting along Congress Street and walking up Munjoy Hill to the East End, we followed the route counter-clockwise eventually returning to our original position at the bottom of Munjoy Hill on Congress Street. This direction is important to note because I believe we went in the opposite direction of the buses. Because we did not follow the same direction and also were only one particular side of the street during the walk, I do wonder how many bus stops we may have missed on our transect walk. This is something to consider when analyzing our observations in the future. The details of the walk are posted below.
Transect Walk
We began at the intersection of Congress and Mountfort heading east on Congress. I noticed that this portion of Congress has a bike lane heading out of Downtown Portland into the East End. The first bus stop we encounter is in front of 206 Congress Street and is displayed with the following sign:
All but one of the other bus stops we encounter are represented simply by this sign. (The two white lines in the image also make up the bike lane I mentioned). The next bus stop is at the intersection of Sheridan and Congress (and is not shown in Google Maps – see the next image where there is no bus icon indicating a stop at this intersection).
The divergence between our observations and some of the stops that are shown on Google Maps already makes me questions Google Maps’ accuracy (or perhaps my own ability to record the location of bus stops).
Anyway, the next stop we observed was on Atlantic Street (the bus route turns to the right on this street) at the corner of Atlantic and Monument. I notice that there is no one else walking on the street with us while we are on Atlantic and the street is lined with parked cars. The next bus stop is at 27 Atlantic Street. We then turn left on the Eastern Promenade and see a bus heading opposite our direction and on to Atlantic Street confirming that these buses do in fact exist. The next bus stop is at the corner of Vesper and the Eastern Promenade. And the next two are at 126 Eastern Promenade and 182 Eastern Promenade. We all notice how beautiful the houses are in this area and how most have an ocean view.
Many of them appear to be broken down into apartments. The next bus stop we see is at Turner and Eastern Promenade and then at 310 Eastern Promenade. We eventually get to the part of the promenade that leads up to the East End Community School. After passing tennis courts to our right, we reach a baseball field and the area unfortunately smells like sewage. We round the corner to the left and circle the school and come to a bus stop in front of the school.
It is the only bus stop we encounter that has a small shelter and map of the bus system. We continue down North Street and encounter bus stops at 143 North Street, Quebec and North, and Cumberland and North. We finish our transect walk when North Street intersects with Congress and we reach area that we have already covered.
Reflection
Admittedly, nothing too paramount devolved from my transect walk, but I did have notice a few important things. I did not expect the bus stop signs to be too significantly obvious on the street, but I was surprised that only one stop had a shelter. It was also comforting to indeed see a bus while on our transect walk. Stops were so frequent that I don’t actually think they are an issue at all. I actually think they are spread too thin and that there should be another major bus stop somewhere at the top of Munjoy Hill or near the Eastern Promenade (like the structure in front of the school) and that would suffice for the entire East End community. This could streamline the bus routes and allow for buses to more frequently come to the area. And following upon my maps and café ethnography, adding GPS and Wi-Fi to the buses could vastly increase ridership as well and is another way the bus system could be improved. Finally, one last impression I had was the lack of bikes or bike racks I noticed in the area. The only evidence of cycling was the one bike lane on Congress Street. It seems like Portland is not much of a bike city at all. Thus, I should also carefully consider the bike sharing ideas I was told by one of my mental mappers as another way to improve transportation as well.
I walked into Hilltop Café on a Saturday night in late October, not expecting to encounter many Portlanders and expecting to have to hunt around the city during my limited hours to try and find mental maps. I was proven wrong, however, as the café stayed full from the time I entered around a quarter to six until closing time at seven. Unfortunately, the café closed before I could spend a full three hours people watching, but it was neat to observe the emptying and closing of the small café. I went into the city with four friends, and the café was too full for them to sit with me. They ordered drinks while I sat down to start my observations, and they were at the counter for about ten minutes. I later learned that there was a money mix-up, and the barista thought that my friends were trying to cheat her of $20. I observed this interaction, but did not overhear it all and was thus surprised to hear about this little miff at an otherwise quaint café.
The first couple that I talked to in the café were Munjoy Hill residents, but they had only lived in Portland for slightly over two months. The next three people that I talked to in the café, however, all lived in Munjoy Hill and were able to provide insight into my particular focus research field. All three interviewees expressed a desire for improved public transportation, including bus schedules posted at each bus stops, apps to tell you bus schedules (one woman said this would be helpful for her kids who take city buses to school), wifi for public buses, and greater frequency of buses to shorten the commute within the city. This was a very clear consensus that could be greatly improved by the implementation of a myriad of smart technology.
The second woman that I interviewed in the café has been a resident of Munjoy Hill for 15 years. She appeared slightly uncomfortable when I asked her about gentrification in the neighborhood, and she proceeded to identify as a gentrifier, making it seem like there was a stigma around gentrification. She explained that when she first moved to Munjoy Hill and bought her house for $99,000, her friends questioned why she would want to live in a seedy part of the city. Now she and her husband own and have refurbished another property which they rent out. She told me that she has been “priced out” and would not be able to afford her house now.
I found my final interviewee in a peppy ice cream shop in the touristy Old Port, Captain Sam’s Ice Cream. My friends and I entered around 9:00 pm right as this man and his two friends were getting ready to leave. The men were wearing shirts from work, and it seemed as if their shifts had just ended. When I approached the man and asked for a map, he was hesitant at first, and then he agreed. We sat down at a small table by the window and he quickly scribbled down his map. After less than a minute, his friends came over and started razzing him and telling him to quit “doing arts and crafts.” They were clearly ready to go, and although I tried to explain to them that he was helping me out with a research project, they were persistent.
Their buddy got up to go after just about two minutes on the map and they left before I could ask him any questions. It turns out he left his ice cream on the table, so he was back shortly after, but he clearly came back for the ice cream and not my research. This encounter, though limited in the direct information that he provided me, showed an interesting encounter between three working class men and a privileged college student. It seemed as if the men felt uncomfortable in the situation, and I felt uncomfortable as well. It was a surprising environment for the reunion of two different kinds of people, but the limited information the man provided and the context of the encounter nicely supplemented and contrasted the three maps that I collected at the café.
Café ethnography (Hilltop Café):
5:50
-man drawing, twenties, white
-woman on ipod, twenties, white, E. Promenade
-man and woman with coffee, Nalgene, ipad and laptop, hushed voices
-woman with earbuds in couch (runner?)
-older man and woman at table
-two men, 30s, leaving, one with backpack
-woman in 30s-40s, on laptop
-man, younger an and woman, family? Talking
-quiet music
-pretty crowded
-1 barista
6:00
-family (boy, girl man and woman, older man), woman taking photos
-man next to me copying sketch from his phone
-man across with woman and older man balancing phone against vase
-takes about 5 minutes for barista to process order
-man and woman next to me talking at intervals
-barista talking to customers about money (cash mixup?)
-barista giving back money because she trusts them, seems uncomfortable
6:15
-no turnover
-barista in back breaking down cardboard boxes
-woman I interviewed reading fashion magazine
-couple next to me talking again, quietly
6:25
-couple next to me leaving, both have backpacks
6:35
-corner older couple moved out
-man still sketching
-friend with me reading for class
-man with woman and older man looking at phone, still semi-engaged
-family smiling and laughing-man (dad?) with arm around boy (son?)
-family leaving now-lost the 5th older person
-mom scolding daughter for leaving trash on table
-table next to me, 3 tables at other end, 1 chair open
-2nd woman I interviewed getting up to leave, also has backpack
6:40
-barista asks to clear 1st-interviewees dishes
-asks to bring artist paper cup for tea-asks when they close, she responds 7, she wants to do dishes I think
-outlet behind me
6:45
-first interviewee leaves
-friend leaves
-barista walking around cleaning up
-man at the bar, talking to barista
6:50
-woman walks in, asks how long they’re open-doesn’t want to impose
-barista is friendly to her
-woman is probably 20s-30s, earring
-woman leaves after about 5 minutes
6:55
-barista announces closing in 5 minutes
-man walks in a few minutes before closing, urban outfitters bag
-talks to barista-probably friends
-man, woman, older man (family I think) get up to leave, only woman has messenger bag
-woman in seat packs up , laptop plugged in behind seat (takes a few minutes to pack up)-backpack and tote back w/ laptop, holding keys
-man who just walked in sits down across at table, takes off hat
-barista takes trash to back
-barista jokingly puts trash bag on friend
-barista talking about foam levels on capuccions-mentions coffe by design
7:10
-artist leaves
-I leave
-barista’s friend is still sitting at table
-barista is cleaning up
Mental Maps:
1. Silvia Robetson, 24, originally from Bulgaria, has lived in Munjoy Hill for 3 years. She met her husband on an exchange program and she is a manager at Stonewall Kitchen. Silvia speaks with a pretty strong accent.2. L. Coplan, 44, has lived in Portland for 15 years. She is a professor at the University of New England in the nursing department with a focus on public health. Ms. Coplan takes the bus to work, a 3-mile commute which takes about an hour. Her kids attend school in Portland and take the city bus to school.
3. Man, 28, declined his name and email address. He has lived in Portland on Eastern Promenade for five years. He is self-employed, and referenced a dog-sitting gig. He was also drawing during my observation, so he may be a self-employed artist as well. This man drew on both sides of the map, which seemed to be a sign of indecision at first, but he explained that the backside was a continuation of the front. This man labeled the bike path that he commutes on and pointed out various parking lots that he cuts through in Deering Oaks once the bike path ends.Man of unknown age and occupation, most likely a laborer of some sort within Portland. His map is focused around his work and commute, including 295 and two parking lots near his work. He also labeled something as “3/4 carpool,” so he might carpool to work with the two friends accompanying him in the ice cream shop.
From hearing about the lives and policy recommendations from these four Portland residents, I definitely have a different opinion about what the ideal smart city recommendations would be to improve the quality of life and economic sustainability of Portland. I think I was more focused on the larger picture earlier in the semester; I was thinking more about large scale, complicated technological improvements to the city whereas the residents definitely suggested more small-scale improvements such as improvements in public transportation, flood management, and educational opportunities. This disconnect likely results from the fact that we are, as individual researchers living outside the city, dealing with a small pool of samples and have inherently different ideas about the efficiency of the city than local Portland residents do.
This disconnect further brings into light the question as to whether one can make policy or smart city recommendations to Portland while not actually living in Portland – do we understand and know enough about the way that the city ecosystem works to create thoughtful, personalized recommendations for that specific city or are we more qualified to simply talk about and create smart city recommendations for a city in general? Because of this disengagement, I do think that it is very important for us as removed participants to take into consideration more of what the residents recommend than what we ourselves believe. That being said, perhaps it takes a certain amount of distance away from the city in order to fully see its moving parts and the different aspects that can be improved. As one of my participants mentioned, it is difficult to think and move outside of the status quo – it is hard to remove yourself from the whole city and its moving parts to really think about what can be done for the city.
After speaking with these residents, the transect walk, and executing the café ethnography, I would likely say that improvements in public transportation is the most beneficial and feasible smart city solution to most Portland residents and the city as a whole because it is very simple, and therefore easily executed, and would benefit the most people. If Portland could develop a transportation app for mobile devices and computers, residents and would be more likely to use and rely the public transportation system because they would be more educated about what it has to offer and the types of delays that would occur while they are trying to use it – in turn improving their quality of life. Moreover, a transportation app would help the city in terms of being more ecofriendly and economic stability because more residents would choose to use the bus as opposed to drive their own cars around.
Worked at a corner convenience store – “School is not a priority”
She focused more on the social aspects of the city when drawing her mental map – food, bars, work etc.
Talked a little about the gentrification of Munjoy Hill and how it was affecting the locals – not necessarily as a good or bad thing, just different than what she remembers from before.
She had lived in Portland for two years – was originally from Boston but came to Portland when she was 22.
She gave 2 policy recommendations – firstly, she said that it would be incredibly helpful if there was a phone application that told residents transport schedules/delays and social events that were going on in the city. The second recommendation was that there should be a ‘buffer zone’ for Planned Parenthood – she mentioned that there were religions groups protesting daily outside the clinic and that it made accessing the location and services, and feeling good about accessing the services, really difficult.
Woman, 22, from Canada but moved to Portland 2 years ago after living in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and California throughout her life.
Worked in a Laundromat
She said that she enjoyed South Portland, or “SoPo”, but that the local changes in building and gentrification were making her a little sad. She mentioned that one of her favorite buildings had just been demolished and turned into a parking lot.
She attended Southern Maine Community College while working at the Laundromat
Her recommendation for Portland was that there needed to be better help for the homeless and more education for Portland’s youth through public campaigns and rallies.
Woman, 50 years old, very wise
Has worked at Portland Whole Foods and Lived in Portland since 1995, previously lived all over the east coast – mentioned New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York City.
When I asked her about her opinion of living in Portland, she told me that she and her husband, along with two children, one with autism and one with Asperger’s syndrome, actively moved around and researched the best places to live on the east coast. They decided Portland because of the small size, Portland’s great schooling system and the city’s very local and organic way of life.
She complained about a lot of things – but she was just this type of lady – specifically, that there was incredibly bad high speed interned. She also mentioned that the perception of what the city of Portland does for their residents is not up to par – that she knows and understands that Portland does SO much for their residents in terms of quality of life and schooling, but that residents need to complain less and to be more appreciative of what the city does for them. She said that she had hoped that people in the city would stop just following the status quo – that they need to break out from just going through the motions of living and be more appreciated (I think this may have been because she has been through a lot and was pretty stressed out about her children). She said that she thinks the city would benefit from a more educational campaign that enlightened Portland’s residents about what the city offers and the services that they may not know about already.
She said that her husband was a musician and that they were mostly self-sustaining and local in terms of what they eat and do at home. I asked her if she liked to go to restaurants or any specific shops and she said that they did not really go out much because money was tight. She also said that she has been a florist all her life, that she had started when she was a teenager, and that Whole Foods knew how good she was and they tried to recruit her to work for them a long time before the family moved to Portland. She said that she finally caved and started working for them after finishing two years of homeschooling her kids in the 90s. Now they are both in main stream schools in Portland and doing really well. We talked about boarding schools because she was asking me about my life and she said that her husband and his family came from a lot of money and that he went to boarding school and Boston College and that their family owns a lot of vacation homes at Cape Elizabeth, ME but that they did not own one.
She was an incredibly interesting woman.
Bernie, male, 21
Commutes to Portland from Brunswick, has lived in Brunswick since 2011 but has worked in Portland since May 2014
Originally from Florida
Recommendations: Bernie loved the hills in Portland – he said that he would love to see more hills and differences in heights of the buildings in Portland to add more of a city feel. He also suggested more parking and better flood management. I assume he recommended improvements in parking and flood management because he commutes to Portland for work, as opposed to living in the city full time.
Speckled Ax
I sat on the bench side of the table closest to the bar
1:13pm:
Everyone seems to be working really hard – there are some conversations going on but it is really hard to tell what people are saying
The room sort of smells like coffee – but it is a very acidic non-coffee smell.
When I asked them for a large coffee they asked me whether I had a preference as to which coffee I wanted. Obviously I had no idea. They chose well.
Beatles are playing in the background
A really stylish family just walked in and was semi irritated that there was no available table to sit at while they enjoyed their iced coffees.
A creepy guy just walked in with red Red Sox sweatpants
A whole load of people just walked in and met up with friends that were already sitting inside
It just got a lot louder in here and everyone else is kind of annoyed that they are being disturbed
I do not think these guys are from Portland
They are part of a show – something memoirs.
These people take their jobs very seriously
There is a mix of people that are clearly just here for the day to do work and groups of people that are in the middle of doing things and are just swinging by for coffee.
There is an adorable older couple sitting across from me holding hands from across the table and just watching everything that is going on around them while giggling to each other about their own conversation. They are drinking lattes – old people always drink lattes!
1:33 pm:
There is a really long line but somehow the café is still relatively calm and quiet
I am beginning to think that I have already drank too much coffee and I have only been here for 20 minutes
It is really sunny outside
There is a ton of clanking and bashing going on from behind the counter
A band of teenagers just walked in wearing beanies and skinny jeans
I bet they are all art students
I think they are all judging me for buying and drinking out of a plastic Poland springs water bottle – I am killing the planet obviously.
One of the employees dropped something on the floor – this is the second time he has done this in the past twenty minutes.
tripadvisor.com
1:43 pm:
I definitely have drunk way too much coffee.
A lady just walked in and sat down without buying a drink – she must be meeting someone.
Everyone’s shoes are making very squeaky sounds as they walk on the hard wood flooring
There is a dude behind the counter with longer hair than me and it looks awesome.
My legs have gone numb from sitting in the same place for half an hour
The music has changed to classic rock and the baristas are having a very vibrant conversation about scheduling hours for the following week.
1:53 pm:
The same couple as before that were drinking lattes and holding hands are now hotly debating something and using huge hand gestures.
The other lady still has not ordered a drink and is just sitting there on her phone. Unless she has the wifi password from a previous visit, she must just be taking repeated selfies.
Various sounds of coffee machines on repeat in the background
Some girl doing work in the corner booth starts complaining about being a first year teacher.
One of the baristas is talking about what he did on Friday night.
There are loads of cars parked in the street outside – it is a busy day.
2:03 pm:
There is a small line in the shop and some people have left from before and their seats are immediately filled with new customers.
Everyone seems to be ordering cappuccinos – I wonder if the cappuccinos here are amazing….
So many hipsters – ordering Ethiopian coffee…
There are a lot of nose rings.
I feel like I am in a city – I did not feel like it before but I definitely do now. Why do hipsters do this to me?
some hipster humor courtesy of streetloop.com
2:13 pm:
A girl literally walked in a saw that there were no seats available and walked straight back out again haha
It seems quieter in here now that it was an hour ago – more people though
There is a man drawing pictures on graph paper next to me – when the barista brought him his drink he refereed to her by name which makes me think that he comes here frequently
That lady on her phone without any wifi still has not bought a coffee which just makes me think that she just does not want to be outside in the cold or wants to nap on the Speckled Ax’s wooden tables.
There is a new couple sitting in the same seats as where the older couple were sitting earlier – this couple are having a pretty vibrant conversation but their faces are like six inches away from each other. She is leaning over the entire table and is practically on his side of the table and he leans in too. So adorable. They are probably late thirties.
I cannot tell if anyone has realized that I am just watching them all and have been for the past hour…..
2:23 pm:
Someone left the door open when they went outside and now it is freezing in here
We can hear the sounds from outside now – lots of cars and sounds of wind.
A guy who was sitting down before we even arrived just got up and left
Another creepy guy with his hood up and huge headphones on sat down immediately in his place
This chick on her phone is still on her phone and still has not ordered anything to drink. I can see a dunkin doughnuts cup in her purse – what is going on?
The room smells a little like pizza now that the door is open.
2:33 pm:
A new younger couple sad down in the old and older couple’s table. They are definitely students and are obsessed with each other. It is adorable. I will now be referring to that table as the love nest.
The room now smells like cigarettes because the door is still open. Thank god the owner just closed it! Twas getting very cold in here.
The love nest is getting rowdy.
Lady on her phone still has not looked up apart from a barista asked her if she had ordered a coffee he was meant to deliver to a different customer. She said no.
The music is a little louder than before.
The guy sitting next to me is still drawing on graph paper.
2:43 pm:
Say you love me by Jessie ware is the best song ever
The café seems relatively quiet now
The lovers nest is now empty
The weird lady is still on her phone doing nothing
I am seriously starting to worry as to whether anyone in here knows that there are three students stalking them for two and a half hours this afternoon
2:53 pm:
A new pair of people walked in and walked straight back out again because the seating that was available clearly was not good enough for them
The weird lady is still on her cell phone and has only looked up once in the past hour
The music is a little more mellow than it was earlier
Everyone seems to be busy doing work
A lady just walked in with a push chair and a child who seems like they are on the verge of tears… maybe they do not dig the music.
A man is still drawing maps on graph paper in the booth next to me
The baby is now crying and she is walking him outside of the café
3:03 pm:
The weird lady is still here and still has not ordered anything – I cant tell if she was napping or if she is still waiting for someone
OMG she just got up – and she sat down again. Perhaps she was just stretching.
There are really loud banging noises coming from behind the counter again
The café is mostly filled with individuals doing work – there is only one pair of people, likely a couple, sitting and actually talking to each other
One of my favorite songs just came on the radio – Semi-Charmed Kind of Life J
3:13 pm:
The people working behind the counter are having a very vivacious conversation about something – lots of laughs
The weird lady is still sitting and on her phone – she just left. After sitting here for two hours and not ordering anything.
The man next to me is still drawing on graphing paper
This playlist is killing it – they are now playing Jumper by third eye blind. So angsty.
The baristas are talking about how expensive bowing shoes are
I just realized that they only have one bathroom which kind of freaks me out
I really like the lighting in the room – the ambiance is stellar.
The baristas are now talking about how bowling balls fit on your fingers with one customer sitting at the bar. It is a little strange. Now talking about local candlepin bowling leagues.
The map man next to me finally finishes his definitely cold cappuccino after an hour and a half.
I start to ponder what would happen if we all get Ebola?
Some hipster just walked in with a skateboard and skinny jeans.
3:23 pm:
Two girls just walked in – they are in their mid twenties and are very loud/happy
A couple just left the booth at the end
Baristas are flirting with the two girls that walked in
After speaking to Portland residents and commuters, one thing that became very clear to me is the popular demand for better parking in Portland. Of the four people I spoke to, three had cars. All three of them cited the parking as an undesirable aspect of Portland. However, none of the people I spoke to seemed to be aware of any place to park except by the waterfront.
One of my earlier ideas was to increase signage in the city. Originally this was intended to educate the public on smart changes that occurred around them, especially in relation to public space. I still feel that signage is important— that there is power in simply pointing out in words what you want people to know. If parking is a problem, it is possible to acknowledge and address that in part with signs. There might be a physical need for more parking space, but there may also be a distribution problem that could be helped by the distribution of information. The city is so small that there might be a trove of parking within a ten-minute walk, which would be useful if people knew where to find it. Easy to read maps and signage would help tourists and locals alike to locate parking nearby.
Ideally, the small degree of satellite parking would also help Portland to transition to a walking city. In turn, the increase of walking could benefit the numerous sidewalk businesses, and help public spaces to thrive more as places to rest or eat lunch before returning to one’s car.
Mark is a 56-year-old resident of Portland. He was a social worker, and now lives on disability payments. He is from Massachusetts, and has lived in Portland for 7 years. When asked what he likes about Portland, he cited the people in Maine, his good experience at Preble Street Resource Center, and his “great” experience with the Portland Housing Authority. He said he dislikes the weather.Josh is a 26-year-old resident of Portland. He is originally from Woolwich, Maine, and has lived in Portland for one year. He works as a shop clerk in the business district of Portland. When asked what he likes about Portland, he called it “the perfect amount of city,” not too big or too small. He said he loves Portland’s culinary scene, and likes the people. He had trouble coming up with a clear source of dissatisfaction, except the “awful” parking around Old Port.Brittney is a 23-year-old resident of Hollis, Maine, about 25 minutes south of Portland. She works at Beal’s ice cream parlor, where she has worked for eight years. She is now a student in Boston, but commutes to Maine for the weekend and continues to work at Beal’s. She has never lived in Portland, but said that she likes the small town feel, and the fact that “people know you.” She said that parking is a real difficulty, especially for people who work in Old Port as she does. She also said that the parking officials make parking especially difficult.Marina is a 22-year-old resident of Portland. She is originally from Florida, and moved to Dixfield, Maine, about 10 years ago. She has lived in Portland for about a year, and works as a house cleaner in the greater Portland area. When asked what she likes about Portland, she said she loves the people, the food, and the energy of the city—especially that it feels “thriving” but things slow down by around 10 pm. In the downtown area, she says, people want to have fun but not make trouble. She cited the parking as a source of dissatisfaction, and said that, being from a rural area, she is still getting used to the city noise, especially the ambulances. She also said that the city is definitely geared toward tourists, not residents.
10:45
Two people sitting with to go coffees chatting by window (Jen and Mark)
Man behind me doing work with coffee to stay (Mr. Pince Nez, PN for short)
He has very small, “cool” glasses
Tweed jacket
mid 50s
cleft chin
I think I just distracted him
Woman in cool scarf and sweater walked out
Bearded man in self-aware Canadian tuxedo just walked in
10:55
Two women buying drinks (lime soda, coffee)
A few people have walked by outside, usually quite casually/ no hurry
One biker who looked like he was intently on his way somewhere
Jen and Mark have been chatting with no sign of stopping
I hope they will leave soon so that I can take one of their seats
PN making a phone call
Horse drawn city tour passing by (Stillbrook Acres, rides for all occasions)
The vibe in here is really nice except that I feel so self conscious about essentially spying on people
Florence + the Machine playing
11:05
Jen: white female ~30 yo, wearing workout clothes, minimal but careful makeup. OMG she is so into him she literally laughs at everything he says.
Mark: white male ~30 yo, wearing a very large watch
A meet-up just occurred in another corner of the shop… “so how do you know le-ann?”
White male, ~45, used the word “mate”
White female, ~45-50. Holding macbook air. Son’s name is “Hawk”
Both of them have sunglasses
Discussing business venture?
Woman runs past shop
Many people in here/around are in workout clothing
Somebody that I used to know
Arcade Fire Wake Up
11:15
Things seem to be picking up
Business meetup is for web design of this woman’s non-profit (she started it)
Hawk sat down right behind me
A bit of a rush now, more people who appear less outwardly “cool” and are also not in workout clthers
PN is leaving, looked at the WSJ on his way out
More car traffic outside
Lots of people come in and use the bathroom (at lease 5 while I’ve been here)
I think they might be playing “I want it That way” (Lol it’s actually Albert Hammond Jr. In Transit)
First kid came in, with dad (looks like he just needs to pee)
People hanging out outside (3 people standing around chatting, seem to have dog with them)
Jen and Mark have gotten comfy (damn, I want those chairs!)
11:25
Jen and Mark left. Mark: “Shall I escort you home so that your students don’t jump you?” (he sounds like an asshole but she really didn’t seem to mind)
I took their chairs (better view of the street)
5 people sitting at tables and chairs outside, w 2 dogs
A lull in business, now
Not sure what the song is, same feeling as the rest
Have yet to see a person who doesn’t appear white—saw one black man outside
11:35
Two people who look South-Asian (?) just walked in
Many people here get coffee in to-go cups even if they end up sitting for a long time
OMG such a cute golden retriever outside
And a baby! Wow what cheeks
Australian guy just sat down, complaining about it being Columbus Day because he wanted to mail a package and it’s a federal holiday (he and his American buddy couldn’t figure out what the holiday was, though)
Cool old woman just walked in, did not hold door for young man coming in behind her
Young folks playing, someone whistling along very poorly
11:45
South Asian couple chatting at the counter, very friendly. She is in
Another lull
A different couple walked in, dressed very hip. She was on the phone. Wearing pink pointy flats and walking with a limp. Taking a long time and debating what to drink, chatting to barista and hugging while they choose
11:55
Even more of a lull now
Aussie and his friend Googled and figured out it was Columbus day
“What would you rather be, intelligent or creative?”
Business meet-up is still going on
African American boy ~11 went by on his bike
Two preppy white boys ~18 walked by
Guy w a large clipboard ~27 walked by looking for something
Car traffic consistent, probably ~1 car every 3-5 seconds at busy moments, with breaks in between
Fair amount of bicycle traffic, certainly fewer than cars though
Same music inside
12:05
3 old women now buying coffee
Business meet-up is over, woman and her son still her
Aussie and his friend working steadily (…on Facebook)
Coffee grinding
Calming, no-lyric music playing now
Barista with bangs was totally unoccupied for like 5 minutes earlier, sat on her phone until people came in for coffee
Not much to report on outside—this street is pretty quiet in terms of pedestrian traffic
12:15
“I’m going to do… a coffee.” Odd phrasing in order by young woman now buying
Old couple just walked in. Man wanted bathroom
They appear to have a very unclear/confusing order
Aussie now playing arcade game on his computer
A lot of people use this space as a semi-public restroom
Two young “trendy” women, and an older trendy woman
Very hot here now by window. I’ve already moved though so I’d feel a bit weird moving again. Wish they had some sort of shade or awning
Chilled out guitar music
Australian has switched computer games
Continued unawareness of visible buttcrack
12:35
Went up to get iced tea and almond croissant
The pastries are definitely not their strong point but the drinks are great
One of the baristas is gluten free
Fashionista in a purple trenchcoat just came in and out
Child (~10?) standing alone at counter… who is taking care of him?
Ordered a hot chocolate, took it outside and crossed the street by himself
Music has gotten more poppy, less acoustic
12:45
Young woman (~16/17?) and ~6 year old girl in here now (sisters?)
Large man (~40) ordering coffee
Young woman (~25) in line
Someone left a laptop on the counter
Young woman with golden retriever working outside on laptop still
3 people browsing bagged coffee selection
This almond croissant is pretty shit but I’ll probably eat the whole thing anyway
Old woman in socks and sandals drinking tiny drink and writing on tiny notepad
Adam Tice artwork on walls—fairly uninspiring acrylic paintings of different pieces of food and some other things (block o meat, cup of coffee, pickle, etc.)
12:55
Tiny drink woman left
Two men at counter, one using bathroom
New longhauler is here, set up with her ipad near the counter. She has her own mug, it looks like
More conversations noise and less music, now
People still looking at coffee paraphernalia
Young guy with messenger bag just came in
Old woman on laptop in other corner
There is a whole other side of this shop that I am not very connected to— 2 differentiated seating areas mean noise is well dispersed
Woman walked by holding newly purchased broom—had walked to store
Guy sat down opportunistically to read abandoned WSJ
1:05
Used bathroom (key system to prevent surreptitious use)
Nice, small, pleasantly dim bathroom
Surprisingly, mirror has been defaced w/ word scratched into it: “EAIRZ” or similar, written in skinny graffiti script style
Another young couple
Another old man
Aussie still playing comp games
Music is more upbeat now
1:15
More of same
Two vaguely grungy high school girls came in to study the cooler of drinks
Two of my mental map-makers made recommendations specifically related to public space. One asked for more public parks, and the other for more paid street musicians. This demonstrates a demand for more culturally vibrant and engaging spaces. While there is a lot of green space in Portland, much of it is in inconvenient or uninviting places. One recommendation I am adamant about is modifying existing spaces to make them feel less desolate. There are many clear modes of improvement (more of which will be discussed in Post #7). There should also be more cultural programs in public spaces, promoting local business and the arts and engaging a diverse crowd. The Artwalk is a great example of how public space is already being utilized well for this purpose.
The café ethnography made me recognize the diverse patronage of a business that may appear to cater to only one type of person. Bard Coffee in itself acted as a semi-public space, inviting different groups for meetings and socializing. It served as a model for what a productive indoor public space in Portland would look like. It would be great to have an indoor lounge area with businesses like Bard Coffee surrounding it, but not necessarily requiring a purchase to spend time in it. The atrium could have public wifi and other amenities for people to work and meet. Indoor public spaces are important for continuing community engagement throughout the winter.
Cafe Ethnography:
Start: 4:20pm, Friday October 3rd. Bard Coffee.
Two baristas and approximately 16 people in the café. The weather outside is sunny and cool. A barista, mid-20s male with moustache and red hat serves a drink in a white tea cup to a 20-something man with an afro, large glasses and a suit, the man then resumes using his iPhone. Two mid 30s women talk loudly by a column, presumably about money. The barista with the red hat carries a large canister from behind the bar. A man in a blue cycling uniform walks across the front.
A man in a black long sleeve shirt sits on a couch, presumably doing nothing. Three blond women of varying ages stand by the water jug talking and leaning on the bar, presumably waiting for drinks. A woman in a blue rain jacket with a grey helmet waits at the counter. One of the middle-aged women is talking on the phone and reaching into her bag. A man in a striped button down shirt sits in a low chair and types on a mac laptop, writing emails, he has grey hair and appears to be about 40.
Man in striped button down comments to us about how man in black long sleeve was creeping him out and trying to look at his computer. Man in red flannel with rolled sleeves and Macklemore haircut walks past. Old man with young man in blazer discuss drink options and order. Blazer man is very indecisive. Other barista, mid-20s woman with very short hair and large black glasses, is unexpressive. Red cap barista asks glasses barista to get the dishes in the back and she obliges. Older man with glasses and beard is talking with a young college aged woman, I suspect they are related.
I just returned from a trip to the bathroom, there is a sign that says “If you don’t have the key someone will walk in on you and it will be awkward,” funny. Bathroom décor is an unusual juxtaposition between Starbucks-style stock photos of coffee and graffiti. A family of two grade school aged children and their mother walk in. The girl is in athletic clothes and the boy drinks water, the girl orders a hot chocolate for here. The mother pulls her wallet out of a tote bag. The old man and blazer man are now sitting at a table drinking coffee out of cups, the old man hands the younger man a small black book to look at.
Potential father daughter pair hand the phone to each other to talk to a third party. A young man with headphones lounges on a chair, his headphones propped on his head to talk to a young woman with curly hair and glasses as she works on a laptop. The mother addresses the children by name and call them to the window. Two college-aged girls wait for the bathroom, they are both wearing tight pants under baggy sweaters and large bucket bags, they are typing on their phone. A middle-aged women in orange leaves the bathroom, hands them the key and smiles, they walk in together.
One of the college aged girls leaves, while the blonde waits by the water jug, on her iPhone. Another bathroom key exchange between two older women wearing youthful clothing, one with polkadot blue pants, and the other with as shorter flowy skirt. Three 30 year olds discuss weekend plans, saying they always forget to make Friday plans, they laugh about something about a stripper. Young head phones man has taken off his headphones and resumes talking to the girl.
Mother walks to bathroom with key, it’s attached to a whisk. Another mother, son and daughter group walk in, the girl is wearing a sparkly item from Pink, and the boy athletic clothes, the mother is wearing a jean jacket with a Coach bag. A headphones guy appears to be dancing around/stretching, unclear, while in line, and peers in the pastry case, red cap barista takes his order and counts change, flannel man inquires about what the different pastries are and buys one.
A couple walks in, the woman is pregnant and the man is very beardy and has spiral gauge earrings, they have a child in a stroller, and wait for the drinks. A man with a backpack and sneakers, bald with sunglasses on his head, sits at the bar on a stool. A father has joined the first mother and children group and the daughter sits on his lap while the mother talks to her and she stretches around.
Man at bar still sits, unmoved. Glasses barista talks to customer who is reading across the bar with a bun about the Artwalk. Bald 30-something man drinks iced coffee out of a tall mason jar while using a non-iPhone. The three 30 year olds, Suit guy with afro, woman with short hair and a bandana, and a beardy bald guy, are talking about watching Premiere League soccer.
Old man in khakis and blue button down gets change. Two middle-aged women, one in scrubs pants and rain boots, the other with a striped sweater, approach the register and one orders a latte as the other gets water. Old man sits down on lounge chair. Glasses barista walks to the back, gets red cap barista to assist in making drinks. Three 30-somethings are still talking, about some man’s post about a man’s face, presumably an art piece.
The three 30-somethings get up and leave. Man in red and black checkered jacket, ponytail and cap orders and sits at bar. Man with blond ponytail and gauges orders, woman in pink blazer and pencil skirt waits in line, woman in blue flannel and ripped jeans waits for drink, blond woman sits at table. The two ponytailed men sit next to each other at the bar, red flannel pulls out some photo prints, or possibly a vinyl.
Pink blazer girl hugs a tattooed man with dreads that walks in and he asks about her day. They sit at a table and start leafing through big piles of yellow loose-leaf paper, he’s writing something and she’s typing what appears to be calculations into her phone. She says “for the 3rd, it’s $87.82” continues to rattle off calculations. Heart Skipped a Beat by the XX is playing on the speakers. It smells like coffee. There is a hiss, possibly from the speakers, possibly from a coffeemaker. A man in a poncho and a woman in camo enter.
Really big family walks in, two young children, a tween boy, a blonde woman, a 30 something woman and a 50 something woman. I believe this is the second time Mouthful of Diamonds by Phantogram has played. Little boy sits on a stool, glasses barista pulls pastries out of the glass case for the big family. Blazer and dreads have put the papers back in a big accordion folder and are drinking coffee and talking.
Man in pink t-shirt spills a lot of coffee and gets a napkin. Large family sits with pastries and teacups at a low table. The Dirty Projectors are playing again. Pink-tshirt waits in line. Middle-aged couple orders two large decafs. Ponytails are still talking at the bar. Old man is sitting with computer in chair next to big family.
Middle-aged couple are now at the table next to us, man reads a newspaper the “Portland Phoenix.” Glasses barista pours hot water out of a shiny kettle into a shy tea cup, this may be a way of brewing the coffee? Older woman in the family shows photos on a camera to little girl and blonde woman, mother calls a place for reservations. Blue flannel leaves. Bun girl keeps talking to glasses barista.
Mental Maps:
Map 1: Female, 21, Graphic Designer (MECA Student), lived in Portland 2 years, lives on Preble Streets, thing she would like to change about Portland is no more beggars.
Map 2: Female, 36, Artist, lived in Portland 2 years, lives in Arts District, wants more affordable rentals in Portland.
Map 3: Male, 26, Food Truck Server, lived in Maine 14 years, lives in Westbrook, ME (commuter), wishes Portland had more public parks.
Map 4: Male, 32, Admissions Counselor at MECA, lives in Portland 3 years, lives in West End (Parkside), wishes there were more paid street musicians (i.e. bucket drums) and better grocery stores closer to West End.
As I read Michael Sorkin’s description of the democratized street experience in Manhattan, I could not help but think of my own block at home. I live right next to Hunter College, a major city university in Manhattan that enrolls around 23,000 full-time students and countless others pursuing part-time or continuing education programs, and the presence of the college in urban space is undoubtedly a factor in the formation of infrastructure on my block.
Sorkin describes how “stasis is the enemy of a flowing system of perfect efficiency, it is indispensable to its functioning: flow needs nodes” [1]. 68th Street is a high-flow area, especially at rush hour, due to the number of schools and hospitals due east and west of the 6 train station at 68th and Lexington. It does not, however, account for the many nodes of stasis and stagnation that occur on a daily basis, and interrupt flow significantly at rush hour. The de facto nodes that cease the flow of foot traffic on 68th include long lines at food carts (3), a bike rack (in constant flux), and a designated smoking area (on the sidewalk).
Bike rack and lines for foodSmoking is no longer allowed in the urban plaza that constitutes Hunter’s “campus.” Smokers now gather on the sidewalk and create flow-slowing nodes.
In some senses, the infrastructural architecture laid out by Hunter College accomplishes the conflict avoidance mentioned by Sorkin. Pedestrian overpasses, for example, allow Hunter students to move between campus buildings without creating traffic at crosswalks or interacting with vehicle traffic at all.
Skyways help reduce student traffic crossing the street. The portion of sidewalk to the right is where smokers have congregated since the campus ban.
The student body of Hunter College accomplishes that which AbdouMaliq Simone describes in his concept of “people as infrastructure.” [2] The sidewalk infrastructure of my block is created by the daily practices and uses people find in that space, but it is also dictated by the planning decisions of the university. Due to a lack of garage space, for example, campus athletics and security vehicles take up most of the block’s parking spaces, day and night. Implementation of some open-source urban methods delineated by Alberto Corsín Jiménez would greatly benefit the efficiency and capability of the space surrounding Hunter College. Through recognizing the collective “right to infrastructure” in its abstract sense, developer feedback could greatly improve my block and several blocks in Portland. [3]
Speaking of Portland, though it may seem entirely unrelated to the heavy foot traffic of my block at home, it is clear that the small city has dealt with many similar concerns. The crosswalk addition in front of MECA, for example, was implemented eventually after the danger of students’ crossing Congress St. was made known to the city. This style of infrastructure change is indicative of a general trend in Portland’s urban feedback loop, which seems due for an upgrade. Improved bike lanes, sidewalk node management, and a more rigid enforcement against commercial vehicle parking would greatly benefit major thoroughfares like Congress and Commercial. Countless other ideas for Portland-specific urban improvement would undoubtedly come to light in a system of open-source infrastructure development.
[1] Sorkin, Michael. 2014 [1999]. “Traffic in Democracy.” In The People, Place and Space Reader, edited by Jen Jack Gieseking, et al, 413. New York: Routledge, 2014.
[2] Simone, AbdulMaliq. 2014 [2004]. “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg.” In The People, Place and Space Reader, edited by Jen Jack Gieseking, et al, 241–46. New York: Routledge.
[3] Jiménez, Alberto Corsín. 2014. “The Right to Infrastructure: a Prototype for Open Source Urbanism.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 32 (2): 342–62.
Jiménez describes and defines what he believes to be the right to infrastructure. He claims that, “The infrastructure is not something that is ‘added’ to the social…but, rather, something that becomes reinscribed as a constitutive ‘right’—the right to define and redefine one’s infrastructural being.” [1] Whereas some aspects of a city are additional, such as aquariums, galleries, or museums, infrastructure is a key component to the structural existence of a city. It is a right, not only for the city, but also for the people.
Useful kinds of infrastructure include physical, such as highways, electric power; social, such as police and hospitals; and data, such as the underlying codes that run the city. Simone reinforced this idea of infrastructure by taking it to the next level, claiming that not only are the physical elements of a city essential to the infrastructure, but also the people living within the city can form their own infrastructure. [2]
In Sorkin’s essay, he describes an essential element of infrastructure is the flow, which is directly related to conflict avoidance. [3] This means, the flow of traffic and how efficiently things run. When I interviewed a man in Portland for the mental maps, he mentioned that Portland should import the Woonerf sidewalk and public space system, which would help the neighborhoods flow. It is a system based on the concept of shared space that encourages interaction between all forms of transportation (i.e. bikes, pedestrians, and motor vehicles). This includes the idea that the sidewalks are at the same level as the roads on which vehicles drive, and in fact, sidewalks and bike lanes are not even labeled separately. This allows for travelers to be conscious of their surroundings, which creates a more equal system of travel, along with a more people friendly environment.
Another idea that would help advance the infrastructure in a city would be putting the electrical systems and telephone lines underground. This is helpful in the case of a storm, so the power is less likely to go out, and it makes the streets safer, and more aesthetically pleasing. Though these are not necessarily the “smartest” ideas, they are the beginning to creating a more friendly and clean space for the people who live there.
[4][5] These pictures are examples of the Woonerf system.
1. Jiménez, Alberto Corsín. 2014. “The Right to Infrastructure: a Prototype for Open Source Urbanism.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 32 (2): 348.
2. Simone, AbdulMaliq. 2014 [2004]. “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg.” In The People, Place and Space Reader, edited by Jen Jack Gieseking, et al, 241–46. New York: Routledge.
3. Sorkin, Michael. 2014 [1999]. “Traffic in Democracy.” In The People, Place and Space Reader, edited by Jen Jack Gieseking, et al, 411-415. New York: Routledge, 2014.
4. Woonerf. Digital image. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. http://www.livingstreetsalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Woonerf.jpg
5. Insa-Dong Woonerf. Digital Image. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4117/4775157676_38b75188d7.jpg
Digital and Computational Studies INTD2430 with Jen Jack Gieseking
